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AS Biology > ATP > Flashcards

ATP Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

Why is ATP important?

A

ATP is important for biological process and is needed by plants, animals and humans. Without ATP we would die

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3
Q

Give some examples of when organisms need ATP for biological processes
(4)

A
  1. Active transport (plants)
  2. cell division (humans)
  3. Transport of solutes (Humans and plants and animals)
  4. protein synthesis (all)
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4
Q

Why is ATP important- especially for animals?

A

It is important for animals as they need energy for absorbing glucose through the ileum epithelium.- the energy released is also used to make ATP

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is a phosphorylated macromolecule that contains 3 components

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6
Q

What three components does ATP contain?

A

ATP contains 3 components:

  1. Adenine- A nitrogen- containing organic base
  2. Ribose- A pentose sugar (5 carbon rings) that act as a back bone which other parts can attach to such as the phosphate groups and Adenine.
  3. Phosphate groups- A chain of three phosphate groups.
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7
Q

What happens to ATP once it has been made from the energy released from the glucose?

A

It is transported/diffused to the cells that require energy

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8
Q

Making and using ATP

Where does ATP store its energy?

A

ATP stores its energy is in-between the phosphate molecules- in the bonds.

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9
Q

What happens to ATP when a cell requires energy?

- Talk bout what it will undergo

A

When a cell needs energy ATP will undergo a hydrolysis reaction and split into ADP and an inorganic phosphate and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolyse

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10
Q

Why can the bonds between the phosphate molecules be easily broken in ATP?

A

The bonds are easily broken as they are very weak, unstable= low activation energy to be overcome so the bonds are broken very easily.

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11
Q

What happens when the bond has been broken and the terminal phosphate is released?

A

When the bonds have been broken they release a large amount of energy( the terminal phosphate is lost)

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12
Q

FACT-

A

The energy released from the broken bonds is then sent to the cell that needs it.

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13
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction that breaks the bonds between the phosphate molecules?

A

ATP hydrolyse

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14
Q

State the equation for the hydrolysis reaction of ATP into ADP

A

ATP + Water ———-> ADP + Inorganic phosphate released
Energy is released
Catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolyse

Extra
This phosphate group is where the terminal phosphate that is released and all the energy comes from this when the bond is broken. (between the 2nd and the 3rd phosphate)

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15
Q

What is the name of the bond between the chain phosphate groups that gets broken?

A

A covalent bond

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16
Q

How can the released inorganic phosphate be used?

A

The inorganic phosphate released can be put to use as it can be added to a compound to make it more reactive.

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17
Q

What is the process called when an inorganic phosphate is added to a compound?

A

This is called phosphorylation

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18
Q

Synthesis of ATP

What is the name of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of ADP into ATP?

A

ATP synthase

19
Q

Synthesis of ATP

what type of reaction joins together ADP and the inorganic phosphate?

A

A condensation reaction

20
Q

How is ADP turned back into ATP?

- Include 3 important things

A

It is reversible and this happens by a condensation reaction between the ADP molecule and the inorganic phosphate during photosynthesis and respiration (Aerobic and Anaerobic) and is catalyse by the enzyme ATP synthase.

21
Q

Where does the energy come from to reform the covalent bond?

A

The energy comes from respiratory substrates e.g. glucose- The energy released when it is absorbed by the ileum epithelial.

22
Q

When does the reformation of ATP occur?

A

During respiration and photosynthesis

23
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

The ATP is a constant cycle that allows energy to be stored and released.

24
Q

When is energy used and released in the ATP cycle?

A

Energy is used for form ATP and energy is released when ATP undergoes a hydrolysis reaction and turns into ADP and an inorganic phosphate.

25
Q

State the equation of ADP turning back into ATP

A

ADP + An inorganic phosphate —-> ADP + Water
Catalysed by the enzyme ATP Synthase
And energy is used

26
Q

What charge do the phosphate groups all have of an ATP molecule?

A

They all have a negative charge

27
Q

What is the collective name of Adenine and ribose in an ATP molecule?

A

Adenosine

28
Q

What is the collective name of Adenosine and 1 of the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

29
Q

What is the collective name of Adenosine and 2 of the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

30
Q

What is the collective name of Adenosine and 3 of the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

31
Q

ATP Synthesis

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Photophosphorylation is the process of using light energy from photosynthesis to provide energy to convert ADP back into ATP

32
Q

Reforming ATP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is where cells use enzymes to oxidise nutrients, thereby using energy to reform ATP.

33
Q

Reforming ATP

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a donor molecule to ADP.

34
Q

*Why are the bonds between phosphates molecules so weak and unstable? Also link this in with an ATP molecule being bad for storage.

A

This is because each phosphate group is negatively charged so they repel each other away making them unstable and weak= they have a low activation energy to overcome so the bonds can be very easy to break them so they are very bad for storage as they cant hold energy for long before it has to be released to a required cell.

35
Q

What are the functions of an ATP molecule?

But don’t include too much info as they are asked on other cards which will be *

A
  1. They are a short term energy store
    - In addition to this they have unstable bonds and are very bad for storage due to these bonds
  2. ATP has a one step process to releasing energy so it is very quick.
36
Q

Why is glucose not used instead of ATP?

A
  1. Glucose has multiple stages of breaking down before it can release any energy to the cells that need it so this makes it a lot slower than ATP
  2. Glucose releases high amounts of energy which is too much for some small reactions- it could simply ruin it whereas ATP would be able to provide the efficient amount of energy without causing damage.
37
Q

Name 4 processes that ATP is involved in

A
  1. Metabolic processes
  2. Secretion
  3. Active transport
  4. Movement.
38
Q

What is the importance of ATP in Metabolic processes?

A

They provide energy to build up macromolecules such as proteins, starch, DNA.

39
Q

What is the importance of ATP in movement?

A

Muscle contractions- pulling muscle filaments together, causing them to slide over each other this shortens the overall length of the muscle fibre and ATP provides energy to do this.

40
Q

What is the importance of ATP in Active Transport?

A

provides energy for the carrier proteins to change shape in order from molecules to pass across the plasma membrane this high amount of energy also allows molecules to move against their concentration gradient which is low to high.

41
Q

What is the importance of ATP in secretion?

A

Helps form lysosomes for the secretion of cell products e.g. lysozymes

42
Q

What is the importance of ATP in the activation of molecules?
- Use glucose example

A

For example when you hydrolyse ATP they release a phosphate group- well that phosphate group has different uses, it can be added to different molecules to make them either less stable or more reactive

43
Q

When ATP has been broken down what can the inorganic phosphate do when added to another molecule?

A

It can make it less stable or more reactive

AS Biology (4 decks)

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