Lipids and lipoproteins part 1 Flashcards
1. Lipids 2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS 3. FATTY ACIDS 4. TRIGLYCERIDES 5. CHOLESTEROL 6. LIPOPROTEINS 7. APOLIPOPROTEINS
1
Q
commonly known as fats and rich source of energy
A
LIPIDS
2
Q
Lipids are transported in the form of
A
LIPOPROTEINS
3
Q
solubility of lipids in nonpolar solvents
A
soluble
4
Q
Cholesterol and triglyceride travel in plasma not as free floating molecules but as part of water soluble complexes called_______
A
lipoproteins
5
Q
FOUR MAJOR LIPIDS
A
- Phospholipids
- Fatty acids
- Triglycerides **
- Cholesterol **
6
Q
contain two FAs and a phospholipid head group
A
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
7
Q
Hydrophilicity of phospholipids
A
Amphipathic
8
Q
Hydrophilic component of phospholipid
A
phospholipid head
9
Q
Hydrophobic component of phospholipid
A
tail
10
Q
main component of lipid bilayer
A
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
11
Q
types of fatty acid
A
saturated
monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
12
Q
carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail
A
FATTY ACIDS
13
Q
linear chains of C-H bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group (-COOH)
A
FATTY ACIDS
14
Q
contain three FA attached to one molecule of glycerol
A
TRIGLYCERIDES
15
Q
saturated FA physical state at room temp
A
solid
16
Q
source of saturated FA
A
animals
17
Q
unsaturated FA physical state at room temp
A
oil
18
Q
source of unsaturated FA
A
plants
19
Q
unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings and a single C-H side chain
A
CHOLESTEROL
20
Q
Hydrophilicity of cholesterol
A
Amphipathic but mostly hydrophobic
21
Q
The only hydrophilic portion of cholesterol is the
A
OH on the A ring
22
Q
The four rings of cholesterol are termed as
A
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
23
Q
Two forms of cholesterol
A
Cholesteryl ester
Free cholesterol
24
Q
Percentage of hydrophobic component of cholesterol
A
70%
25
Percentage of amphipatic component of cholesterol
30%
26
hydrophobic components of cholesterol
Cholesteryl ester
27
Amphipatic component
Free cholesterol
28
Cholesterol is converted to
1° bile acids
steroid hormones
vitamin D3
29
cholesterol is converted to vitamin D3 by
irradiation of skin
30
cholesterol is converted to 1° bile acids by
cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid
31
cholesterol is converted to steroid hormones
adrenal, testis, ovary
32
function of bile acids
breakdown of fat
33
function of steroid hormones
muscle growth
34
function of vitamin D3
for absorption of calcium
35
composed of lipids and proteins
LIPOPROTEINS
36
proteins are termed as
apolipoproteins
37
Hydrophilicity of lipoproteins
amphipatic
38
Reason for the amphipaticity of lipoproteins
Core is made up of most hydrophobic lipids such as cholesterol esters and TG
39
Lipids with hydrophilicity, such as free cholesterol and phospholipids are arranged in the surface with polar groups pointing ______
outward the aqueous environment.
40
Types of lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL
3. LDL
4. HDL
Minor:
• IDL, Lp(a)
• Lpx, β-VLDL
41
Classification of lipoproteins is based on _____
density
42
High lipid content =______ core region = _____ density
larger
| lighter
43
CHON components of lipoproteins
APOLIPOPROTEINS
44
Function of apolipoprotein
maintains structural integrity
ligands for cell receptors
activators and inhibitors of enzymes
45
Characteristic of apolipoprotein that has protein segments in coils accounting to the ability to bind to lipids
AMPHIPATHIC HELIX
46
apolipoprotein that affects lipoprotein metabolism
Apo E (Apo E2, E3, and E4)
47
Gene for ______ is found in chromosome 11
Apo A1
48
Gene for _______ is found in chromosome 2
ApoB100
| B48
49
Gene for _______ is found in chromosome 9
Apo CI
CII
E
50
Lipoprotein metabolism depends on ______
apo B-containing lipoproteins
51
Lipoprotein metabolism transports ______ and _____
dietary and hepatic lipids
52
Important enzymes for lipoprotein metabolism
* LPL
* LCAT
* ACAT
* HMG CoA reductase
53
Enzyme that transfers CE, PL, and TG among LPs, esp. the transfer of CE from HDL to apo-B containing LP in exchange for TG
CETP or Cholesterylester transfer proteins
54
Enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of C, esp. in HDL, by promoting transfer of FAs from lecithin to C
LCAT or Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase
55
Enzyme that hyrolyzes TG in VLDL and CM, releasing FAs and glycerol
LPL or Lipoprotein lipase
56
largest and the least dense lipoprotein (1200 nm)
CHYLOMICRONS
57
account to the turbidity of post prandial plasma
CHYLOMICRONS
58
function of chylomicrons
deliver dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells
59
Why does CM float even without centrifugation?
Very low density of CM
60
carriers of endogenous TG
VLDL
61
VLDL are formed in the____
liver
62
function of VLDL
transfer TG from the liver to periphery
63
VLDL causes turbidity in _________
fasting hyperlipidemic plasma
64
from metabolism of VLDL
LDL
65
lipoprotein that is more cholesterol rich
LDL
66
proatherogenic lipoprotein
LDL
67
High LDL-C increases _____ risk
CVD
68
Every 1% decrease in LDL, there is
2% decrease risk of developing arteriosclerosis
69
Most LDL (75%) is taken up by the liver with ______ serving as ligand for hepatic receptor.
apoB-100
70
smallest and most dense lipoprotein
HDL
71
HDL is synthesized in
both liver and intestines
72
Function of HDL
deliver lipids to the liver
73
with antiatherogenic property
HDL
74
Most active form of HDL
discoidal or spherical
75
HDL2 more anti-oxidative effect but _____ is impaired in CHD patients.
HDL3
76
Low HDL levels indicate high risk of ____-
CVD
77
Functions of HDL-C:
* Anti-apoptotic
* Anti-thrombotic
* Anti-oxidant
* Anti-inflammatory
78
formed from catabolism of VLDL
Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
79
precursor for LDL synthesis
Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
80
LDL-like particles
Liporotein a [Lp (a)]
81
confer increased risk of CHD and stroke
Liporotein a [Lp (a)]
82
Homologous to plasminogen, thereby compete for binding sites, promoting clotting = MI
Liporotein a [Lp (a)]
83
Found in patients with obstructive biliary disease and in patients with familial LCAT deficiency
LpX Lipoprotein
84
accumulates in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia
β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)
85
more cholesterol than VLDL
β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)
86
due to defective catabolism of VLDL
β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)
87
Lipoprotein differentiation that uses ultracentrifugation
Buoyant Density
88
in Buoyant Density what is the relationship bw lipid content and density
The higher the lipid content, the less dense
89
Electrophoretic Mobility is based on
charges
90
In separating lipoproteins, what kind of electrophoresis is used
Gel Electrophoresis
91
Fastest to move in electrophoresis
HDL
92
ApoB containing
– Chylomicrons
– VLDL
– IDL
– LDL
93
Non-apoB containing
HDL
94
reference range for TC
140-200 mg/dL
95
reference range for HDL
40-75 mg/dL
96
reference range for LDL
50-130 mg/dL
97
reference range for triglycerides
60-150 mg/dL
98
diseases associated with abnormal lipid concentrations
Dyslipidemias
99
Type of dyslipidemias that is characterised by
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Combined hyperlipidemia with elevated TC and TG
Hyperlipoproteinemia
100
Fatty streaks develop over time into plaques that contain increased number of smooth muscle cells, EC lipid, calcification, and fibrous tissue, which can block blood flow
Atherosclerosis/Arteriosclerosis
101
no sufficient oxygen supply
Ichemia
102
Disease characterised by having nodules in the skin due to lipid deposits and indicative of the presence of an underlying genetic abnormality that may lead to dyslipidemia
Xanthomas
103
diseases due to Familial hypertriglyceridemia, or due to secondary causes like hormonal abnormality (pancreas, adrenal, or pituitary) or nephrosis
Hypertriglyceridemia
104
Hypertriglyceridemia has deficiency of
LPL or deficiency in apolipoprotein C-II
105
Borderline high Hypertriglyceridemia
150-200 mg/dL (1.7-2.3 mmol/L)
106
High Hypertriglyceridemia
200-500 mg/dL (2.3-5.6 mmol/L)
107
Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
Abetalipoproteinemia
108
Disease characterised by Systemic diseases: malnutrition, alcoholism, GI disease, and lipid storage diseases (Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick disease)
Abetalipoproteinemia
109
sphingomyelin accumulation in the lysosomes (autosomal recessive)
Nieman-pick
110
sphingolipidosis
Gaucher’s
111
Enzymatic method that has cholesteryl esterase convert esterified cholesterol to free or unesterified cholesterol
Cholesterol oxidase and esterase
112
Common dye used for enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and esterase
phenol plus 4-aminoantipyrine
113
Read enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and esterase spectrophotometrically at
500 nm
114
____ and _____ are reducing agents that interfere with peroxidase catalyzed color reaction
Vitamin C and bilirubin
115
Non enymatic method for cholesterol measurement
Liebermann-Burchard
116
Color of product of Liebermann-Burchard
green
117
CE hydrolysis with KOH
extraction of unsterified cholesterol with petroleum ether
measurement using L-B reaction
Abell Kendall
118
Dye used in enzymatic TG measurement
tetrazolium dye in the presence of diaphorase to produce formazan and NAD+ at 340 nm
119
Enzyme used in enzymatic TG measurement
Glycerol kinase
120
Non enzymatic TG measurement that makes use of SiH4O4
Van Handel and Zilversmith
121
Non enzymatic TG measurement that has a yellow product
Hantzsch Condensate
122
Non enzymatic TG measurement that has a pink chromophore product
Van Handel and Zilversmith
123
Enzyme used in enzymatic measurement for phospholipids
phospholipase D
Choline oxidase
Peroxidase
124
Gas liquid chromatography of measurement for phospholipids principle
Extraction and Alkaline hydrolysis
125
In gas liquid chromatography of measurement for phospholipids, conversion to ______ of diazomethane happens
methyl esters
126
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation
Sequential Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (SDGU)
127
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins based on molecular density
Sequential Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (SDGU)
128
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that has VLDL and LDL fractions (0.5 mL plasma) is precipitated with a mixture of 0.1% PTA (30.3 mmol/L) and MgCl2 (100 mmol/L)
HDL-C by phosphotungstic acid-MgCl2 Precipitation (PTMg)
129
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses size differences
Fast Phase Liquid Chromatography (FPLC)
130
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that leaves the sample refrigerated overnight at 4°C
Standing Plasma Test
131
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses differences in charge and size and stains
Electrophoresis
132
4 bands in electrophoresis
α, pre-β, β, chylomicrons
133
Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses detergents to block HDL and VLDL
Direct homogenous assay
