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CC 1 LEC > Lipids and lipoproteins part 1 > Flashcards

Lipids and lipoproteins part 1 Flashcards

1. Lipids 2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS 3. FATTY ACIDS 4. TRIGLYCERIDES 5. CHOLESTEROL 6. LIPOPROTEINS 7. APOLIPOPROTEINS

1
Q

commonly known as fats and rich source of energy

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

Lipids are transported in the form of

A

LIPOPROTEINS

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3
Q

solubility of lipids in nonpolar solvents

A

soluble

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4
Q

Cholesterol and triglyceride travel in plasma not as free floating molecules but as part of water soluble complexes called_______

A

lipoproteins

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5
Q

FOUR MAJOR LIPIDS

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Fatty acids
  • Triglycerides **
  • Cholesterol **
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6
Q

contain two FAs and a phospholipid head group

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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7
Q

Hydrophilicity of phospholipids

A

Amphipathic

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8
Q

Hydrophilic component of phospholipid

A

phospholipid head

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9
Q

Hydrophobic component of phospholipid

A

tail

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10
Q

main component of lipid bilayer

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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11
Q

types of fatty acid

A

saturated
monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated

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12
Q

carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail

A

FATTY ACIDS

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13
Q

linear chains of C-H bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

FATTY ACIDS

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14
Q

contain three FA attached to one molecule of glycerol

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

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15
Q

saturated FA physical state at room temp

A

solid

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16
Q

source of saturated FA

A

animals

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17
Q

unsaturated FA physical state at room temp

A

oil

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18
Q

source of unsaturated FA

A

plants

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19
Q

unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings and a single C-H side chain

A

CHOLESTEROL

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20
Q

Hydrophilicity of cholesterol

A

Amphipathic but mostly hydrophobic

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21
Q

The only hydrophilic portion of cholesterol is the

A

OH on the A ring

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22
Q

The four rings of cholesterol are termed as

A

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

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23
Q

Two forms of cholesterol

A

Cholesteryl ester

Free cholesterol

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24
Q

Percentage of hydrophobic component of cholesterol

A

70%

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25
Q

Percentage of amphipatic component of cholesterol

A

30%

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26
Q

hydrophobic components of cholesterol

A

Cholesteryl ester

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27
Q

Amphipatic component

A

Free cholesterol

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28
Q

Cholesterol is converted to

A

1° bile acids
steroid hormones
vitamin D3

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29
Q

cholesterol is converted to vitamin D3 by

A

irradiation of skin

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30
Q

cholesterol is converted to 1° bile acids by

A

cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid

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31
Q

cholesterol is converted to steroid hormones

A

adrenal, testis, ovary

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32
Q

function of bile acids

A

breakdown of fat

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33
Q

function of steroid hormones

A

muscle growth

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34
Q

function of vitamin D3

A

for absorption of calcium

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35
Q

composed of lipids and proteins

A

LIPOPROTEINS

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36
Q

proteins are termed as

A

apolipoproteins

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37
Q

Hydrophilicity of lipoproteins

A

amphipatic

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38
Q

Reason for the amphipaticity of lipoproteins

A

Core is made up of most hydrophobic lipids such as cholesterol esters and TG

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39
Q

Lipids with hydrophilicity, such as free cholesterol and phospholipids are arranged in the surface with polar groups pointing ______

A

outward the aqueous environment.

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40
Q

Types of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL

Minor:
• IDL, Lp(a)
• Lpx, β-VLDL

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41
Q

Classification of lipoproteins is based on _____

A

density

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42
Q

High lipid content =______ core region = _____ density

A

larger

lighter

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43
Q

CHON components of lipoproteins

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

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44
Q

Function of apolipoprotein

A

maintains structural integrity
ligands for cell receptors
activators and inhibitors of enzymes

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45
Q

Characteristic of apolipoprotein that has protein segments in coils accounting to the ability to bind to lipids

A

AMPHIPATHIC HELIX

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46
Q

apolipoprotein that affects lipoprotein metabolism

A

Apo E (Apo E2, E3, and E4)

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47
Q

Gene for ______ is found in chromosome 11

A

Apo A1

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48
Q

Gene for _______ is found in chromosome 2

A

ApoB100

B48

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49
Q

Gene for _______ is found in chromosome 9

A

Apo CI
CII
E

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50
Q

Lipoprotein metabolism depends on ______

A

apo B-containing lipoproteins

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51
Q

Lipoprotein metabolism transports ______ and _____

A

dietary and hepatic lipids

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52
Q

Important enzymes for lipoprotein metabolism

A
  • LPL
  • LCAT
  • ACAT
  • HMG CoA reductase
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53
Q

Enzyme that transfers CE, PL, and TG among LPs, esp. the transfer of CE from HDL to apo-B containing LP in exchange for TG

A

CETP or Cholesterylester transfer proteins

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54
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of C, esp. in HDL, by promoting transfer of FAs from lecithin to C

A

LCAT or Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase

55
Q

Enzyme that hyrolyzes TG in VLDL and CM, releasing FAs and glycerol

A

LPL or Lipoprotein lipase

56
Q

largest and the least dense lipoprotein (1200 nm)

A

CHYLOMICRONS

57
Q

account to the turbidity of post prandial plasma

A

CHYLOMICRONS

58
Q

function of chylomicrons

A

deliver dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells

59
Q

Why does CM float even without centrifugation?

A

Very low density of CM

60
Q

carriers of endogenous TG

A

VLDL

61
Q

VLDL are formed in the____

A

liver

62
Q

function of VLDL

A

transfer TG from the liver to periphery

63
Q

VLDL causes turbidity in _________

A

fasting hyperlipidemic plasma

64
Q

from metabolism of VLDL

A

LDL

65
Q

lipoprotein that is more cholesterol rich

A

LDL

66
Q

proatherogenic lipoprotein

A

LDL

67
Q

High LDL-C increases _____ risk

A

CVD

68
Q

Every 1% decrease in LDL, there is

A

2% decrease risk of developing arteriosclerosis

69
Q

Most LDL (75%) is taken up by the liver with ______ serving as ligand for hepatic receptor.

A

apoB-100

70
Q

smallest and most dense lipoprotein

A

HDL

71
Q

HDL is synthesized in

A

both liver and intestines

72
Q

Function of HDL

A

deliver lipids to the liver

73
Q

with antiatherogenic property

A

HDL

74
Q

Most active form of HDL

A

discoidal or spherical

75
Q

HDL2 more anti-oxidative effect but _____ is impaired in CHD patients.

A

HDL3

76
Q

Low HDL levels indicate high risk of ____-

A

CVD

77
Q

Functions of HDL-C:

A
  • Anti-apoptotic
  • Anti-thrombotic
  • Anti-oxidant
  • Anti-inflammatory
78
Q

formed from catabolism of VLDL

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

79
Q

precursor for LDL synthesis

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

80
Q

LDL-like particles

A

Liporotein a [Lp (a)]

81
Q

confer increased risk of CHD and stroke

A

Liporotein a [Lp (a)]

82
Q

Homologous to plasminogen, thereby compete for binding sites, promoting clotting = MI

A

Liporotein a [Lp (a)]

83
Q

Found in patients with obstructive biliary disease and in patients with familial LCAT deficiency

A

LpX Lipoprotein

84
Q

accumulates in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

A

β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)

85
Q

more cholesterol than VLDL

A

β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)

86
Q

due to defective catabolism of VLDL

A

β-VLDL (Floating β Lipoprotein)

87
Q

Lipoprotein differentiation that uses ultracentrifugation

A

Buoyant Density

88
Q

in Buoyant Density what is the relationship bw lipid content and density

A

The higher the lipid content, the less dense

89
Q

Electrophoretic Mobility is based on

A

charges

90
Q

In separating lipoproteins, what kind of electrophoresis is used

A

Gel Electrophoresis

91
Q

Fastest to move in electrophoresis

A

HDL

92
Q

ApoB containing

A

– Chylomicrons
– VLDL
– IDL
– LDL

93
Q

Non-apoB containing

A

HDL

94
Q

reference range for TC

A

140-200 mg/dL

95
Q

reference range for HDL

A

40-75 mg/dL

96
Q

reference range for LDL

A

50-130 mg/dL

97
Q

reference range for triglycerides

A

60-150 mg/dL

98
Q

diseases associated with abnormal lipid concentrations

A

Dyslipidemias

99
Q

Type of dyslipidemias that is characterised by

  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Combined hyperlipidemia with elevated TC and TG
A

Hyperlipoproteinemia

100
Q

Fatty streaks develop over time into plaques that contain increased number of smooth muscle cells, EC lipid, calcification, and fibrous tissue, which can block blood flow

A

Atherosclerosis/Arteriosclerosis

101
Q

no sufficient oxygen supply

A

Ichemia

102
Q

Disease characterised by having nodules in the skin due to lipid deposits and indicative of the presence of an underlying genetic abnormality that may lead to dyslipidemia

A

Xanthomas

103
Q

diseases due to Familial hypertriglyceridemia, or due to secondary causes like hormonal abnormality (pancreas, adrenal, or pituitary) or nephrosis

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

104
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia has deficiency of

A

LPL or deficiency in apolipoprotein C-II

105
Q

Borderline high Hypertriglyceridemia

A

150-200 mg/dL (1.7-2.3 mmol/L)

106
Q

High Hypertriglyceridemia

A

200-500 mg/dL (2.3-5.6 mmol/L)

107
Q

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

108
Q

Disease characterised by Systemic diseases: malnutrition, alcoholism, GI disease, and lipid storage diseases (Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick disease)

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

109
Q

sphingomyelin accumulation in the lysosomes (autosomal recessive)

A

Nieman-pick

110
Q

sphingolipidosis

A

Gaucher’s

111
Q

Enzymatic method that has cholesteryl esterase convert esterified cholesterol to free or unesterified cholesterol

A

Cholesterol oxidase and esterase

112
Q

Common dye used for enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and esterase

A

phenol plus 4-aminoantipyrine

113
Q

Read enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and esterase spectrophotometrically at

A

500 nm

114
Q

____ and _____ are reducing agents that interfere with peroxidase catalyzed color reaction

A

Vitamin C and bilirubin

115
Q

Non enymatic method for cholesterol measurement

A

Liebermann-Burchard

116
Q

Color of product of Liebermann-Burchard

A

green

117
Q

CE hydrolysis with KOH
extraction of unsterified cholesterol with petroleum ether
measurement using L-B reaction

A

Abell Kendall

118
Q

Dye used in enzymatic TG measurement

A

tetrazolium dye in the presence of diaphorase to produce formazan and NAD+ at 340 nm

119
Q

Enzyme used in enzymatic TG measurement

A

Glycerol kinase

120
Q

Non enzymatic TG measurement that makes use of SiH4O4

A

Van Handel and Zilversmith

121
Q

Non enzymatic TG measurement that has a yellow product

A

Hantzsch Condensate

122
Q

Non enzymatic TG measurement that has a pink chromophore product

A

Van Handel and Zilversmith

123
Q

Enzyme used in enzymatic measurement for phospholipids

A

phospholipase D
Choline oxidase
Peroxidase

124
Q

Gas liquid chromatography of measurement for phospholipids principle

A

Extraction and Alkaline hydrolysis

125
Q

In gas liquid chromatography of measurement for phospholipids, conversion to ______ of diazomethane happens

A

methyl esters

126
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation

A

Sequential Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (SDGU)

127
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins based on molecular density

A

Sequential Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (SDGU)

128
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that has VLDL and LDL fractions (0.5 mL plasma) is precipitated with a mixture of 0.1% PTA (30.3 mmol/L) and MgCl2 (100 mmol/L)

A

HDL-C by phosphotungstic acid-MgCl2 Precipitation (PTMg)

129
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses size differences

A

Fast Phase Liquid Chromatography (FPLC)

130
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that leaves the sample refrigerated overnight at 4°C

A

Standing Plasma Test

131
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses differences in charge and size and stains

A

Electrophoresis

132
Q

4 bands in electrophoresis

A

α, pre-β, β, chylomicrons

133
Q

Manner of estimation of lipoproteins that uses detergents to block HDL and VLDL

A

Direct homogenous assay

CC 1 LEC (2 decks)

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