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CP Exam 2 > Lipids and Lipoprotein > Flashcards

Lipids and Lipoprotein Flashcards

1
Q

Energy storage in fat and muscle

A

100,000 kCal in TAGs

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2
Q

What is the major storage of fatty acids?

A

Triacylglycerols (TAGs)

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3
Q

Sources of TAG

A

Dietary TAG - processed by intestinal cells

De Novo TAG - in hepatocytes and adipocytes

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4
Q

What happens to TAGs in intestinal cells?

A

Dietary TAGs are broken down into MAG and FFA by pancreatic lipases

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5
Q

What is formed from the packaging of TAGs with apolipoprotein and other lipids?

A

Chylomicrons - which are released into the lymphatic system and enter blood via thoracic duct

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6
Q

TAG synthesis in the liver

A
  • Fatty acids synthesize de novo in hepatocytes

- TAG + apolipoproteins + other lipids –> VLDL (released into bloodstream)

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7
Q

Steps in TAG synthesis in the liver?

A

G3P –> lysophosphatidic acid –> phosphatidic acid –> DAG –> TAG

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8
Q

What is added to G3P to form TAGs?

A

FFA synthesized in liver from acetyl CoA

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9
Q

What promotes TAG synthesis in hepatocytes?

A

Excess cardbohydrates

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10
Q

What is the backbone for TAG synthesis in adipocytes?

A

G3P

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11
Q

How are TAGs formed in adipocytes?

A

G3P and FFA (from breakdown of chylomicrons and VLDL in blood) combine to form TAGs

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12
Q

What promotes TAG synthesis in adipocytes?

A

Excess carbohydrates and fats

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13
Q

How are fatty acids broken down in mitochondria?

A

via beta-oxidation

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14
Q

4 major lipases for breakdown of TAGs

A
  • hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
  • lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
  • monoacylglycerol lipase (MAG Lipase)
  • ATGL
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15
Q

What modulates activity of HSL?

A

Phosphorylation

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16
Q

2 major signals to promote mobilization of TAGs

A

Hunger and Excercise

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17
Q

What are the major controllers that phosphorylate (and activate HSL?

A
  • glucagon (secreted in response to hunger)

- epinephrine (secreted in response to exercise)

18
Q

What does glucagon and epinephrine promote in HSL?

A

lipolysis in adipocytes

19
Q

What inhibits mobilization of TAGs?

A

Fed status signal

  • insulin secreted in response to high carb meal
  • dephosphorylation of HSL to inhibit lipolysis
20
Q

What do you call a family of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes and muscle cells?

A

Perilipin - prevents lipolysis from occurring

21
Q

How does perilipin regulate lipolysis?

A

By controlling physical access to HSL

22
Q

What is the consequence of overexpression of Perilipin 1?

A

Inhibits lipolysis

23
Q

What transports TAGs and cholesterol?

A

Lipoproteins

24
Q

How does lipoproteins contribute to lipid metabolism?

A

-serve as ligands that bind to internalize lipoproteins and activate various enzymes

25
Q

5 types of lipoproteins

A
  • Chlyomicrons
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL (bad cholesterol)
  • HDL (good cholesterol)
26
Q

Which type of lipoprotein has the most TAGs and least protein?

A

Chylomicrons

27
Q

Which type of lipoprotein has the least TAGs and most protein?

A

HDL (high protein, and phospholipid content)

28
Q

Beneficial effects of HDL

A
  • HDL levels correlate positively with reduced CAD risk
  • HDL has the ability to reverse cholesterol transport
  • HDL-C scavenges and removes LDL from peripheral and transports it to liver where it can be recycled and processed
  • anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
  • increased by weight loss and exercise
29
Q

Type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia

aka hyperchylomicronemia

A
  • deficiency in apoC-II or defective lipoprotein lipase
  • inability to hydrolyze TAGs in chilomycrons and VLDL
  • abd pain, xanthomas, acute pancreatitis
  • high chylomicrons and high TAGs
  • treat with low fat diet
30
Q

Type 2a and 2b hyperlipoproteinemia

aka hypercholesterolemia

A
  • LDL receptor is completely (2a) or partially (2b) defective
  • defect in uptake of LDL (ApoB 100 recognition impaired)
  • can cause atherosclerosis, xanthomas
  • high cholesterol, normal TAG (2a), high TAG (2b), high LDL, high VLDL (2b)
31
Q

Type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia cholesterol levels

A

Normal cholesterol: 130-200 mg/dL
Heterozygous: 300-500 mg/dL
Homozygous: >800 mg/dL

32
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis and the target of statins:

A

HMG CoA reductase

33
Q

Structure of lipoproteins:

A

outer shell: monolayer of phospholipids, free cholesterol and apolipoproteins
inner core: hydrophobic TAGs, cholesterol esters

34
Q

Apo-lipoproteins on Chylomicron

A
  • ApoB-4: facilitates transport of chylomicron in blood
  • ApoC-II: activates capillary lipoprotein lipase to accelerate degradation of TAGs
  • ApoE: acts as a ligand that are taken up by hepatocytes more quickly
35
Q

VLDL Apolipoproteins

A
  • ApoB-100
  • ApoC-II
  • Apo-E
36
Q

IDL Apolipoproteins

A
  • Apo-100

- ApoE

37
Q

LDL Apolipoproteins

A
  • ApoB-100: uptake into cells

- lots of “bad cholesterol”

38
Q

HDL Apolipoproteins

A
  • smallest, most dense, highest phospholipid and protein content, very little cholesterol
  • contains ApoA-I, ApoC-II, ApoE
39
Q

Heterozygous type 2 hyperlioproteinemia

A

-responds to diet, statins and bile acid binding resins

40
Q

Homozygous type 2 hyperlioproteinemia

A
  • need LDL apheresis and liver transplant

- CAD risk and high death rate before teenager years

41
Q

What does the death of foam cell, platelet adhesion, and recruitment of smooth muscle cells leads to?

A

Development of arterial plaques that lead to atherosclerosis

CP Exam 2 (7 decks)

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