Lipids

Question 1

Ketosis

Answer 1

When there are not enough carbohydrates for energy, the body will convert to burning fats for energy; results in buildup of ketones;

Question 2

arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age.

Question 3

Cholesterol

Answer 3

unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings (A,B,C,D), and it has a sing C-H side chain tail similar to a fatty acid in its physical properties.

Question 4

Chylomicrons

Answer 4

A small fat globule composed of protein and lipid (fat). Chylomicrons are found in the blood and lymphatic fluid where they serve to transport fat from its port of entry in the intestine to the liver and to adipose (fat) tissue. After a fatty meal, the blood is so full of chylomicrons that it looks milky. also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). Chylomicrons are the largest lipoproteins, with diameters of 75–600 nanometres (nm; 1 nm = 10−9 metre). They have the lowest protein-to-lipid ratio (being about 90 percent lipid) and therefore the lowest density.

Question 5

Dyslipidemias

Answer 5

Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Causes may be primary (genetic) or secondary. Diagnosis is by measuring plasma levels of total cholesterol, TGs, and individual lipoproteins. Treatment involves dietary changes, exercise, and lipid-lowering drugs.

Question 6

Endogenous pathway

Answer 6

xx

Question 7

Exogenous pathway

Answer 7

xx

Question 8

Fatty Acids

Answer 8

Simple linear chains of C-H that terminate with a carboxyl group (-COOH);

Question 9

Friedewald equation

Answer 9

LDL-cholesterol is most commonly estimated from quantitative measurements of total and HDL-cholesterol and plasma triglycerides (TG) using the empirical relationship of Friedewald et al.(1972). [LDL-chol] = [Total chol] - [HDL-chol] - ([TG]/2.2) where all concentrations are given in mmol/L (note that if calculated using all concentrations in mg/dL then the equation is [LDL-chol] = [Total chol] - [HDL-chol] - ([TG]/5))