Carbohydrates

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

major food source and energy supply for the body and are stored primarily as liver and muscle glycogen

Question 2

Hyperglycemia

Answer 2

increase in plasma glucose levels caused by imbalance of hormones

Question 3

Hypoglycemia

Answer 3

decreased plasma glucose levels; result of imbalance in the rate of glucose appearance and disappearance from the circulation

Question 4

smallest carbohydrate

Answer 4

glyceraldehyde -3 carbons

Question 5

two forms of carbohydrates

Answer 5

aldose (derived from aldehyde) and ketose (derived from ketone)

Question 6

stereoisomer

Answer 6

central carbons are chiral (4 different groups attached to the carbon atoms), thus have different spatial arrangements of the groups and different properties

Question 7

Monosaccharide

Answer 7

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form; examples include glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 8

Disaccharide

Answer 8

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage; on hydrolysis, disaccharides will be split into monosaccharides; examples include maltose, lactose, and sucrose

Question 9

Polysaccaride

Answer 9

formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units; on hydrolysis, polysaccharides will be split into monosaccharides; examples include starch and glycogen

Question 10

Reducing Carbohydrate

Answer 10

can reduce other compounds; must have ketone or aldehyde group; examples include glucose, maltose, fructose, lactose, and galactose (all monosaccharides are reducing carbohydrates)

Question 11

Non-reducing carbohydrate

Answer 11

bond is on the anomeric carbon and no longer reduces other compounds; example is sucrose

Question 12

Glucose metabolism

Answer 12

source of energy for humans - nervous system, including brain, depends on glucose for the surrounding extracellular fluid (ECF); Glucose is used as energy or stored as glycogen

Question 13

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Answer 13

glycolysis - conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

conversion of amino acids by the liver (and other specialized tissue) to substrates that can be converted to glucose; also conversion of glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate to glucose

Question 15

Glycogenesis

Answer 15

glycogen synthesis from glucose for storage

Question 16

Glycogenolysis

Answer 16

process of conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

Question 17

Lipogenesis

Answer 17

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Question 18

Lipolysis

Answer 18

decomposition of fat

Question 19

Action of Insulin

Answer 19

increases glycogenesis and glycolysis; increases lipogenesis; decreases glycogenolysis (increased movement of glucose into cells)

Question 20

Action of Glucagon

Answer 20

increases glycogenolysis; increases gluconeogeneisis (fasting and resting states)

Question 21

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 21

group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Question 22

Type I diabetes

Answer 22

Insulin dependent; Beta-cell destruction; absolute insulin deficiency; autoantibodies (islet cel, insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and tyrosine phosphates IA-2 and IA-2B); commonly in children and adolescence;

Question 23

Type II diabetes

Answer 23

non-insulin dependent; insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect; relative insulin deficiency

Question 24

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 24

glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to metabolic and hormonal changes

Question 25

Other types of diabetes

Answer 25

associated with secondary conditions -genetic defects of beta-cell function, pancreatic disease, endocrine disease, drug or chemical induced, insulin receptor abnormalities, other genetic syndromes

Question 26

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 26

fasting plasma glucose >/=126mg/dL
HbA1C >/=6.5%
OGTT >/=200mg/dL
random plasma glucose >/=200mg/dL plus symptoms

Question 27

von Gierke disease

Answer 27

glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency type I; most common glycogen storage disease; autosomal recessive; severe hypoglycemia with metabolic acidosis, ketonemia, and elevated lactate and alanine

Question 28

Galactosemia

Answer 28

Failure to thrive syndrome in infants; congenital deficiency in one of three enzymes involved in galactose metabolism (most common is galactose-1-phosphatate uridyltransferase); diarrhea and vomiting; mental retardation and cataracts; hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and galactose accumulation; removal of galactose from diet

Question 29

glycosylated hemoglobin

Answer 29

formation of a hemoglobin compound produced when glucose reacts with the amino group of hemoglobin forming a ketoamine; reflects the average blood glucose level over the previous 2-3 months;HbA1c is most commonly detected glycosylated hemoglobin and is more reliable than plasma glucose for monitoring; normal range is 4-6%; specimen is whole blood in EDTA

Question 30

Albuminuria

Answer 30

increase in urinary albumin; used to diagnose early kidney disease; persistent albuminuria is ration of albumin-creatinine of 30-299 mg/g creatinine in 2 out of 3 urine collections over 6 months

Question 31

Ketoacidosis

Answer 31

high level of ketones in the blood which act as a poison; most frequent in diabetes;

Question 32

DKA

Answer 32

diabetic ketoacidosis