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biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is a lipid

A

a non-polar hydrophobic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and water. It contains less OH bonds, and more non polar CH bonds

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2
Q

What are the main purpose of lipids/what are they used for

A

Energy storage, cell and membrane structure, and chemical signaling

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3
Q

Lipids are divided into 4 groups. What are they?

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids

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4
Q

What are fatty acids structure

A

A fatty acid is

a carboxyl group linked to a hydrocarbon chain

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5
Q

what gives fatty acids its acidic properties

A

carboxyl group

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6
Q

As the chain length increases in a fatty acid what happens with its solubility

A

It becomes less soluble in water

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7
Q

What are the number of most common fatty acids

A

Even numbered chains 14 to 22

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8
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid binds to the MAXIMUM possible number of hydrogen atoms and all the carbon atoms are linked to each other with SINGLE bonds

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9
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

There are double bonds

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10
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid?

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acids with one double bond

Fatty acid with more than one double bond

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11
Q

What creates a kink is a fatty acid? what does this cause?

A

Double bonds create a kink

This causes it to bend

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12
Q

What is the most common energy storage molecules in living organisms

A

Fats

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13
Q

A gram of fat stores more than _____ the _____ energy than _____

A

A gram of fat stores more than half the chemical energy than carbohydrates

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14
Q

Animals turn excess carbohydrates into what?
What are these molecules stored as? and where?
What does the layer act as

A

Into fat.
Fat molecules are stored as droplets in the adipose tissue
The layer of fat acts as thermal insulation and protection

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15
Q

Plants store fat in the form of what?

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride

A

three fatty acids attached to a single glycerol molecule

17
Q

What is glycerol

What do fatty acids bond to

A

•Glycerol is a three carbon alcohol that has a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
.•Fatty acids bond to these hydroxyl groups to form a fat molecule

18
Q

Example of saturated fats

Why are they difficult to break down?

A

Animal fats- butter
Large amount of intermolecular forces
Solid at room temperature

19
Q

Example of unsaturated fats

A

Plant oils- have kinked tails that reduce the amount of intermolecular forces, making them easier to break down
-liquid at room temperature

20
Q

What is the process of hydrogenation?

A

breaks double bonds in unsaturated fats to make them solid

21
Q

What bonds join fatty acids and glycerol?
What is the process called?
What type of reaction is it?

A

ester linkage
esterification
condensation reaction

22
Q

What is the main component in cell membranes

A

phospholipids

23
Q

What are phospholipids composed of

A

of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a highly polar phosphate group

24
Q

head of phospholipids?
Tail?
^which is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Head is phosphate group- hydrophilic

Tail is fatty acids- hydrophobic

25
Q

What happens when phospholipids are added to water

A

They form micelles

This is where the polar heads dissolve in water and the non polar heads dissolve in themselves

26
Q

Cell membranes separate 2 water components? how does this occur?

A

the hydrophobic tails dissolve in one another and the heads dissolve in water to form a bilayer that does not allow polar molecules and ionic materials to pass through

27
Q

Amphipathic

A

contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

28
Q

What are steroids’?

Another name for them

A

hydrophobic molecules composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups
- sterols

29
Q

Where are sterols contained

An example of one

A

cell membrane

- cholesterol

30
Q

What is the function of sterols

A

hormonal signaling, cell response to the environment, and growth

31
Q

Sex hormones are apart of which lipid group

A

steroids

32
Q

What are waxes

A

long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon ring

33
Q

Characteristics of waxes

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar, soft solids over a wide range of temperatures

34
Q

Function of waxes

A

Ideal for waterproofing, water resistance and protection from infection

biochemistry (4 decks)

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