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biochemistry > carbohyrdates > Flashcards

carbohyrdates Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of…

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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2
Q

What is the simplest type of carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide?
What is its ratio?
What is its chemical formula?

A

A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate, containing a single sugar. It is a building block for more complex carbs.
The ratio is 1 carbon: 2 oxygen: 1 oxygen
The chemical formula is CH20

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4
Q

What is the most widely known monosaccharide

A

glucose

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5
Q

Which monosaccharides are most common in living organisms?

A

monosaccharides that contain 3 carbon (triose), 5 carbon (pentose), and 6 carbon (hexose)

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6
Q

What do monosaccharides with more than 5 atoms do?

A

They are linear when dry, but they fold back onto themselves to form a ring when dissolved in water

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7
Q

what is an isomer

A

a molecule that has the same composition of another but a different arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

B-glucose is an isomer of a-glucose. It is completely indigestible for humans. True or false

A

True

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9
Q

name common monosaccharides

A

glyceraldehyde, ribose sugar, fructose sugar

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10
Q

What are the sweetest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides. As the number of monosaccharides units increase, the sweetness decreases

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11
Q

Purpose of carbohydrates/what are they used for?

A

Sources of energy, building materials, cellular marker

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12
Q

Carbohydrates can be broken into 3 groups. What are they?

A

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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13
Q

Name different isomers of each other

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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14
Q

What do monosaccharides end in

A

-ose

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15
Q

How many chains of carbon do monosaccharides contain, what is attached to it

A

Monosaccharides contain a single chain of carbon atoms to which a hydroxyl group is attached

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16
Q

How are monosaccharides distinguished?

A

y the carbonyl group they posses (aldehyde or ketone) and the number of atoms in their carbon backbone

17
Q

When a monosaccharide ring is formed there is a 50% chance that the hydroxyl group at carbon 1 will end up below the plane of the ring? what is this called when the hydroxyl group is below the plane? what is it called when its above

A

Below the plane- alpha glucose

Above the plane- Beta glucose

18
Q

A glycosidic bond between 1-carbon and 4-carbon atoms of two glucose molecules make..

A

maltose

19
Q

Sucrose has a ? linkage

Lactose has a ? linkage

A

Sucrose has a alpha linkage

Lactose has a beta linkage

20
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

What type of reaction are they?

A

Oligosaccharides are sugars that contain 2 or 3 simple sugars attached to each other by glycosidic linkages.
They are formed through a condensation reaction

21
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a bond between two monosaccharides

22
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

Composed of several hundred to several thousand monosaccharide subunits held together by glycosidic linkages

23
Q

What is their polysaccharides purpose in cells?

A

Energy storage, and structural support

24
Q

polymerization is a type of dehydration reaction. What is it specifically?

A

Polymerization is a process where small subunits (monomers) are linked to form a large molecule

25
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a small molecule that can bind to other molecules

26
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain

27
Q

Storage polysaccharides?

Structural Polysaccharides?

A

Storage- glycogen, starch

Structural- cellulose, chitin

28
Q

Structure of cellulose related to its function

A

Cellulose molecules are long and straight and have very large number of polar OH groups
This allows for cellulose molecules to assemble side by side and form thousands of hydrogen bonds.
The numerous hydrogen bonds are what gives cellulose its great strength

29
Q

During photosynthesis plants produce more glucose then needed. What happens to the excess glucose?

A

Enzymes link these excess glucose molecules together to form starch.

30
Q

What is special about the structure of cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide of beta glucose held together by beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages with every other monomer inverted
The cellulose microfibrils intertwine and are held together by intermolecular forces to form a strong structure

31
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule on earth?

It is also the main component in plant cell walls

A

cellulose

32
Q

One of the few carbohydrates that contain functional groups with nitrogen atoms?

A

Chitin

33
Q

Do polysaccharides dissolve water

A

They are very polar and very hydrophilic, however since they are so big they are cannot dissolve in water

biochemistry (4 decks)

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