Lipids

Question 1

Glycerophospholipids (Phosphoglycerides)

Answer 1

• phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to 2 fatty acids and by a phosphodiester linkage to a highly polar head group.

Question 2

sphingolipids

Answer 2

Have a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol

Question 3

ceramide

Answer 3

Type of sphingo lipid with a single H as its head group

Question 4

Sphingomyelins

Answer 4

• Either have phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as a head group.
• Major components in the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Question 5

Glycosphingolipids

Answer 5

• Have heads composed of sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages
• Not phospholipids
• cerebrosides and globosides

Question 6

cerebrosides

Answer 6

have a single sugar

Question 7

Globosides

Answer 7

Have two sugars or more.

Question 8

Gangliosides

Answer 8

glycolipids that have polar head groups composed of oligosaccharides with one or more Sialic acid molecules at the terminus and a negative charge

Question 9

Waxes

Answer 9

• esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols

Question 10

Terpenes

Answer 10

• Metabolic precursors to steroids andother lipid sinaling molecules, and have varied functions
• Build from Isoprene
• Mono= 2 units

Sesqui= 3 units

di= 4 units

Question 11

Retinal

Answer 11

a visual pigment vital for sight that is derived from the diterpene vitamin A

Question 12

Triterpenes

Answer 12

Has 6 isoprene units and can be converted to cholesterol and various steroids

Question 13

Steroids

Answer 13

• Lipid with with 4 cycloalkane rings fused together: 3 cyclohexane and one cyclopentane

Question 14

Cholesterol

Answer 14

Common steroid in the phospholipid bilayer. At low temperatures, it increases fluidity. At high temperatures, it decreases fluidity.

Question 15

Prostaglandins

Answer 15

• Contain one five membered ring and act as autocrine/paracrine signaling moleules
• NSAIDs inhibit productin via cyclooxygenase

Question 16

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 16

A, D, E, K

Question 17

Vitamin A (carotene)

Answer 17

• important in vision, growth and development, and immune function

Question 18

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Answer 18

• consumed or formed in a UV light-driven reaction in the skin
• Must be converted to calcitriol in liver and kidneys to become active
• promotes bone production

Question 19

Vitamin E (tocopherols or tocotrienols)

Answer 19

• destroys oxidative radicals
• prevents oxidative damage which is an important contributor to the development of cancer and aging

Question 20

Vitamin K (phylloquinione and menaquinones)

Answer 20

• vital to posttranslational modification required to produce prothrombin, and important clotting factor

Question 21

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

Answer 21

• Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded by ester linkages to glycerol
• Used for energy storage

Question 22

Adipocytes

Answer 22

• Cells that store large amounts of fat
• Found primarily under the skin, around mammary glands, and in the abdominal cavity.

Question 23

Saponification

Answer 23

ester hydrolysis using a strong base. Makes soap.

Question 24

Surfactant

Answer 24

Lowers the surface tension at the surface of a liquid, serving as a detergent or emulsifier

Question 25

Colloid

Answer 25

Solution of aqueous and hydrophobic parts that appear to be in a single phase.

Question 26

Micelles

Answer 26

• Nonpolar compounds can dissolve in the hydrophobic interior.
• important in the body for fat-soluble vitamin absorption