Lipids Flashcards
What is a sphingolipid called that has a hydrogen attached as a side chain?
Ceramide
What is a sphingolipid with a glucose side chain called?
Cerebroside
What is a sphingolipid with a multiple glucose side chain called?
ganglioside
What is a sphingolipid with a choline side chain?
sphingomyelin
What is the most important sphingolipid?
sphingomyelin
What are the two major types of phospholipids?
lecithins and cephalins
What is another name for lecithin?
phosphatidycholine (PC)
What is the most common phospholipid in a bilayer?
lecithin
Why you hydrolyze a lecithin what do you get
1 glycerol
1 phosphate
1 choline
2 FA
What are the two lipids that contain choline?
phosphatidycholine
sphingomyelin
What effect does choline have on the liver?
It has a lipotrophic effect (this means that it helps metabolize and export fat in/from the liver)
Where on the bilayer are PC and sphingomyelin in greater concentration?
In the outer leaf of the membrane
What will a deficiency in choline lead to?
abnormalities in lipid metabolism, so you will get cirrhosis and fatty liver disease
What is a metabolite of choline that is important in methylation?
betaine (so betaine can methylate stuff)
What is an important use of lipoproteins?
Used to transport hydrophobic fats through hydrophobic blood
What is the least dense lipoprotein?
chylomicrons
What does a chylomicron do?
transports newly absorbed fats from the intestine to the liver
How are LDL’s transferred into cells?
by receptor mediated endocytosis
What is the recipe for a bile salt?
cholic acid + either glycine or taurine
What are the two types of biles salts?
glycocholic acid
taurocholic acid
What is malonyl CoA?
its a major player in fatty acid synthesis. Its made from acetyl CoA and Co2
How many carbons are in malonyl CoA?
3 carbons (2 from acetyl coA and 1 from co2)
What does malonyl do in fatty acid synthesis?
regulates beta oxidation
inhibits carinitine acyltransferase 1
What enzyme makes malonyl CoA?
ACC
What is the coenzyme that ACC uses?
biotin
What is the committed step of fatty acid synthesis?
ACC making malonyl coA
What thing upregulates ACC/fatty acid synthesis?
Citrate, insulin, high energy
What will downregulate ACC/fatty acid synthesis
epinephrine, glucagon, and low energy state (it requires a lot of energy to make fat)
What two molecules are used in fatty acid synthesis? What is the enzyme that catalyzes that reaction?
malonyl coA and acetyl coA
Fatty acid synthase
What type of energy are you using to make fatty acid?
NADPH
What shuttle is used in fatty acid synthesis?
citrate shuttle
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
cytosol
How do you get fatty acid into the mitochondria?
Carnitine acyltransferase 1
What does carnitine acytransferase do?
regulates beta oxidation
transfers FA into liver mitochondria
its inhibited by malonyl CoA
What is the end product fatty acid synthesis?
palmitate
