Lipids

Question 1

roles of lipids

Answer 1

energy storage, structual component of membranes, active roles

Question 2

why are lipids good storage molecules

Answer 2

low oxidation number, low hydration state

Question 3

fatty acids (general)

Answer 3

1) hydrocarbon with carboxylic tail
2) differ in length and degree of saturation
3) usually an even number of C’s

Question 4

saturated=

Answer 4

no double bonds

Question 5

unstaurated=

Answer 5

1 double bond

Question 6

polysaturated

Answer 6

multiple double bonds

Question 7

where are the double bonds

Answer 7

cis configuration and located after carbons 9, 12, 15

Question 8

what determines fatty acid properties

Answer 8

length and degree of saturation

Question 9

fatty acids with ____ are more liekly to associae than are short chains

Answer 9

long chains

Question 10

fatty acids without ____ are more likely to associate than are with double bonds

Answer 10

double bonds

Question 11

melting temperature of a fatty acid mixture

Answer 11

reflects the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon tails, double bonds have a greater influence than the length of the tail

Question 12

triacylglycerols are the …

Answer 12

storage lipids in animals and plants

Question 13

what does the ester linkage do

Answer 13

removes the polar head group to make a more hydrophobic molecule

Question 14

saponification

Answer 14

treatment of animal fat with a strong base will break the ester linkages of triacylglycerols

Question 15

why are free fatty acids good soaps

Answer 15

theyre amphipathic

Question 16

waxes

Answer 16

non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain monohydroxylic acids

Question 17

membrane bilayers of lipids….

Answer 17

define cells and regulate the composition of the intracellular environment

Question 18

component of lipids in membranes

Answer 18

two hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head group

Question 19

the most abundant lipids in membranes are

Answer 19

glycerophospholipids

Question 20

what are glycerophospholipids made of

Answer 20

glycerol backbone with a phosphate at the C3 position

Question 21

phosphatidate=

Answer 21

glycerol-3-phosphate+2 fatty acids

Question 22

plant cells contain

Answer 22

galactolipids

Question 23

what are galactolipids made of

Answer 23

one or two galactose groups linked to C3 of diacylglycerol

Question 24

what do sulfolipids do

Answer 24

provides hydrophilic head

Question 25

spingolipids

Answer 25

derived from sphinigosine, a long chain amino alcohol

Question 26

three classes of sphingolipids

Answer 26

1) aphingomyelins 2) cerbrosides 3) Gangliosides

Question 27

what are sphingomyelins

Answer 27

contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

Question 28

what are cerebrosides

Answer 28

glycossphingolipid

Question 29

gangliosides

Answer 29

1) glycosphinilpid 2) more than 6 sugar units, many variations 3) contain N-acteylneuraminic acid (Sialic Acid)

Question 30

where are phospholipids and sphingolipids degraded

Answer 30

lysosmes

Question 31

what do the membrane lipids of extrmophiles (archaebateria) contain

Answer 31

long chain hydrocarbons linked at either end to glycerol through stable ether linkages

Question 32

what are sterols

Answer 32

are structural membrane lipids and serve as precursors for many biologically active products

Question 33

what do steriods contain

Answer 33

four fused ring systems: 3-six carbon rings (A,B,C) and a 5carbon D ring (rigid and planar)

Question 34

what does choloestrol do

Answer 34

mediating membrane fluidity nad serving as a precursor of the steriod hormones and bile salts

Question 35

what are active roles for the lipids

Answer 35

1) Intracellular signalling molecules 2) hormones 3) enzyme cofactors 4) pigments 5) vitamins

Question 36

Eicosaniods

Answer 36

paracrine hormones (act on cells near point of production)

Question 37

three classes of Eicosaniods

Answer 37

1) Prostaglandins 2) thromboxanes 3) Leukotrienes

Question 38

Prostaglandins

Answer 38

constriction of blood vessels (fever, inflammation)

Question 39

Thromboxanes

Answer 39

involved in blood clot formation, also affected by asprin

Question 40

Leukotrines

Answer 40

smooth-muscles contraction/bronchial constriction (asthma)

Question 41

lipid vitamins

Answer 41

A,D,E,K

Question 42

what are vitamins made out of

Answer 42

rings, long alipathic side chains , are hydrophobic

Question 43

Retinal

Answer 43

light-sensitive compund with a role in vision

Question 44

three forms of vitamin A

Answer 44

alcohol (retinol), aldehyde, and retinoic acid

Question 45

where does Vitamin A come from

Answer 45

liver, egg yolks, milk products, or yellow vegtables

Question 46

what does red eye result from

Answer 46

retinal

Question 47

what does vitamin E do

Answer 47

a reducing agent that scavenges oxygen free radicals, may prevent damage to fatty acids in membranes, deficiency causes scaly skin, muscular weakness and sterility

Question 48

what does vitamin K do

Answer 48

required for synthesis of blood coagulation proteins

Question 49

what is warfarin

Answer 49

a viatmin K analog given to patients with excessive blood clotting, also used in rat poison