Carbohydrates

Question 1

Physiological roles of carbohydrates

Answer 1

1) energy source
2) energy storage
3) structural roles
4) cellular communication
5) information transfer

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

smallest unit of carbohydrate structure

Question 3

Disaccharides

Answer 3

two monosaccharides covalently linked together through a glycosidic bond

Question 4

oligosaccharides

Answer 4

polymers of 3-20 monosaccrides

Question 5

polysaccharides

Answer 5

polymers of more than 20 monosaccrides

Question 6

glycoconjugates

Answer 6

linked to proteins or lipids

Question 7

Empirical formula of carbs

Answer 7

(CH2O)n

Question 8

Two major classes of carbs

Answer 8

aldoses, ketoses

Question 9

formula for steroisomers

Answer 9

2^n

Question 10

epimers

Answer 10

are sugars that differ at only one of several chiral centers

Question 11

reaction of alcohol with an aldehyde

Answer 11

forms a hemiacetal

Question 12

reaction of alcohol with a ketone

Answer 12

forms a hemiketal

Question 13

pyranose

Answer 13

six-carbon sugar

Question 14

furanose

Answer 14

five-carbon sugar

Question 15

which carbon becomes chiral

Answer 15

anomeric

Question 16

alpha

Answer 16

hydroxyl of anomeric carbon is below the plane of the sugar

Question 17

beta

Answer 17

if hydroxyl of anomeric carbon is above the plane of the sugar

Question 18

mutarotation

Answer 18

when the alpha and beta configurations interconvert in solution

Question 19

monosacchrides are _____

Answer 19

reducing

Question 20

the carbonyl group is _______ to a carboxyl group

Answer 20

oxidized

Question 21

the end of the sugar with the carbonyl carbon is the ____

Answer 21

reducing end

Question 22

glycosidic bond

Answer 22

primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccrides

Question 23

homopolysacchrides

Answer 23

polymers containing a single type of monosacchrides

Question 24

heteropolysacchrides

Answer 24

polymers containing more than one type of monosacchrides

Question 25

starch

Answer 25

mixture of amylose and amylopectin

Question 26

amylose

Answer 26

linear polymer of glucose resides through alpha (1-4) bonds

Question 27

amylopectin

Answer 27

consists of alpha (1-4) linked glucose residues with alpha (1-6) branch points every 24-30 residues

Question 28

glycogen is present in which cells

Answer 28

all cells but mostly in skeletal muscle cells and the liver

Question 29

how does glycogen compare to amylopectin

Answer 29

structurally the same but with more branch points

Question 30

what does greater branching do

Answer 30

more rapid mobilization

Question 31

what is the primary component of plant cells walls

Answer 31

cellulose

Question 32

can cellulose be cut by amylose

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what is chitin

Answer 33

what makes up exoskeletons

Question 34

difference between chitin and cellulose

Answer 34

replacement of hydroxyl group at C2 with acetylated amino group

Question 35

ground substance

Answer 35

exracellular space in tissues that has a gel-like material in the matrix

Question 36

what does ground substance do

Answer 36

holds cells together, provides a porous pathway for the diffuion of nutrients/waste prodeucts and serves a cushioning function

Question 37

glycosaminoglycan

Answer 37

extracellular matrix is a meshwork of fibrous proteins and heteropolysacchrides

Question 38

proteoglycans

Answer 38

covaently linked glycosaminoglycans to extrcellular proteins