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OPTOM 8060 BIOCHEM Midterm 2 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

lipid definition

A

group of water-insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecules

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2
Q

lipid function

A

major energy source for the body, stored as triacylglycerol (triglycerides)

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3
Q

classifications of lipids

A

FA’s, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sterols, sphingolipids, and eicosanoids

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4
Q

fatty acids

A

used as stored energy in living organisms, are carboxylic acids w/ hydrocarbon chains

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5
Q

nonesterified vs esterified FA’s

A

nonesterified: exist freely in the body
esterified: within complex molecules, like triglycerides

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6
Q

saturated vs unsaturated FA’s

A

saturated: contain no carbon-carbon double bonds
unsaturated: contain carbon-carbon double bonds (mono-: 1 double bond, poly-: mult. double bond)

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7
Q

FA nomenclature

A

carboxyl group carbon labeled as #1
- chain length: # of double bonds (location)
- delta sign used for double bonds

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8
Q

FA’s characteristics

A

chain length: longer chains = more hydrophobic and higher melting point
degree of unsaturation: more double bonds = lower melting point, greater degree of fluidity

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9
Q

what is more common in FA, double bonds in cis or trans config?

A

cis configuration

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10
Q

omega-3 FA’s

A

double bond between third and fourth carbon from the end of the chain (omega end)
- good for the eye

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11
Q

triglycerides types

A

simple TAG: 3 of the same kind of FA
mixed TAG: more common- varying chain length/saturation

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12
Q

triglyceride general info

A

mostly found in adipocytes, mainly broken down to form acetyl-coA

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13
Q

FA as an energy source

A

yields more than 2x the energy of carbs, may sustain an individual when dietary intake is low

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14
Q

phospholipids definition

A

lipid class for the formation and maintenance of all forms of cell membranes
-either glycero- or sphingolipids

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15
Q

structure of phospholipids

A
  • is amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties)
  • polar head group: face intra/extracellularly
  • non polar tail: buried within the cell membrane
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16
Q

phosphoglycerides definition

A

main component of biological membranes, glycerol-based phospholipid
- polar head group: phosphate group + alcohol
- non-polar FA tail

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17
Q

sphingolipids

A

polar head group and two nonpolar tails w/ no glycerol component
-consist of amino alcohol sphingosine

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18
Q

sterols definition

A

steroids w/ 8-10 C’s in the side chain of carbon 17 and a (-OH) group at carbon 3

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19
Q

major sterol in tissue

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

sterol function

A

component of plasma membrane, precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones

21
Q

what’s the precursor for steroid hormones

A

cholesterol is the precursor of all steroid hormones

22
Q

steroid hormones function

A

trigger changes in gene expression and metabolism, by traveling through bloodstream from site of synthesis to target organ

23
Q

vitamin general info

A
  • either water soluble or vitamin soluble
  • must be obtained through diet
    -required in constant, small amounts because it’s readily eliminated through the urine
24
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

-coenzyme important for pentose-phosphate rxn and several dehydrogenase complexes

25
Q

vitamin B1 deficiencies

A

fatal condition, can lead to heart failure
- beriberi: typical B1 def syndrome
-wernicke-korsakoff: neuro disturbance, assoc w/ alcoholism
encephalopathy: ataxia, confusion, EOM paralysis
korsakoff’s psychosis: amnesia

26
Q

vitamin B2: riboflavin

A

precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

27
Q

vitamin B2 deficiency

A

dermatitis, assoc. w/ other B complex deficiencies

28
Q

vitamin B3: niacin

A
  • active coenzymes forms are NADH and NADPH
29
Q

vitamin B3 deficiency

A

pellagra (skin, GI tract, CNS)

30
Q

vitamin B9: folic acid

A

-coenzyme essential for synthesis of certain AA’s and nucleotides

31
Q

vitamin B9 deficiencies

A

most common vitamin deficiency in US, common in pregnant women, and alcoholism
- megaloblastic anemia and spina bifida

32
Q

vitamin B12: cobalamin

A

key role in DNA synthesis and RBC formation, obtained from meat

33
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency

A

-most common worldwide
- causes both neurological and hematological abnormalities
- pernicious anemia
- sensory neuropathy

34
Q

vitamin C: ascorbic acid

A

-helps form and repair CT
- acts as an antioxidant
- important for aqueous and vitreous humor

35
Q

vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy

36
Q

Water vs fat soluble vitamins

A

fat soluble: vitamin C, and B complex
water soluble: ADEK

37
Q

vitamin D

A
  • mainly from sunlight
  • inactive vit D is converted to calcitriol (active Vit D)
  • regulates Ca2+ intake in the intestine, and Ca2+ levels in kidney/bones
38
Q

vitamin D deficiency & toxicity

A

deficiency: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
toxicity: hypercalcemia, band keratopathy

39
Q

vitamin A

A
  • 2 types:
    1. retinoids- important for vision transduction
    2. carotenoids: green leafy veggies
40
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

dry eyes/skin, stunted growth

41
Q

vitamin K

A
  • coenzyme involved in blood clotting cascade
  • bacteria produces half, other half form plants
42
Q

vitamin K deficiency

A

excessive bleeding, lack of clotting

43
Q

vitamin E

A
  • antioxidants for membrane of proteins and lipids
  • reduces the effects of aging
  • part or AREDS treatment for mac degen
44
Q

minerals

A

chemical elements needed for normal structure and function of the body
- 2 types: macrominerals (ex calcium, sodium, etc.)
trace elements (ex iron, copper, etc.)

45
Q

eicosanoids

A

3 classes: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
- short acting, local hormones

46
Q

micelle

A

lipid bilayer, looks like a donut

47
Q

liposomes

A

solvent filled vesicle, looks like donut hole

48
Q

transverse diffusion

A

is rare because it would have to go across the lipid bilayer

49
Q

lateral diffusion

A

fast process and highly mobile in this plane

OPTOM 8060 BIOCHEM Midterm 2 (8 decks)

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