Carbohydrates

Question 1

carbohydrate’s role in tissue

Answer 1

1. contribute to metabolism by acting as fuels
2. structural role of biological structures

Question 2

elements that make up carbohydrate’s

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 3

2 types of carbohydrates based on carbonyl group

Answer 3

aldoses: aldehyde group
ketoses: keto group

Question 4

types of carbs based on # of carbons

Answer 4

3 C’s: trioses
5 C’s: pentoses
6 C’s: hexoses

Question 5

trioses

Answer 5

simplest monosaccharide (carb)
- either an aldotriose or ketotriose

Question 6

chiral carbon

Answer 6

has four different atoms or groups attached to it, all monosaccharides contain at least one chiral center

Question 7

stereoisomers

Answer 7

differ in their 3-D orientations, # of possible stereoisomers w/ a chiral centers = 2^n

Question 8

enantiomers

Answer 8

special isomers that are mirror images of each other

Question 9

D & L stereoisomers

Answer 9

based on the chiral center furthest from the carbonyl group, either D or L

Question 10

what stereoisomer are naturally occurring sugars

Answer 10

they are D stereoisomers

Question 11

cyclic monosaccharides

Answer 11

tend to be 5+ carbon monosaccharides, have an anomeric carbon, and can be in the alpha or beta configuration

Question 12

anomeric carbon definition

Answer 12

additional asymmetric carbon in a cyclic structure

Question 13

enzyme’s with cyclic monosaccharides

Answer 13

they can distinguish between alpha and beta configurations

Question 14

name of 5-member and 6-member closed ring

Answer 14

5-member: pyranose
6-member: furanose

Question 15

glycosidic bond

Answer 15

formed when the anomeric carbon of one sugar reacts with the hydroxyl group of another, gives off water as well

Question 16

2 function of complex sugars

Answer 16

structural and storage

Question 17

carbohydrate glycosidic bonds to non-carb structures

Answer 17

proteins (glycoproteins)
lipids (glycolipids)
nitrogenous bases (nucleotides)

Question 18

2 glycosidic linkage

Answer 18

N-glycosidic linkage
O-glycosidic linkage

Question 19

glycogen

Answer 19

multibranched polysaccharide of glucose, energy storage polysaccharide in animals

Question 20

glycogen function in muscle and liver

Answer 20

muscle: energy reserve for exercising muscles
liver: supplies glucose to the tissues via blood in the absence of dietary glucose

Question 21

Glycogen structure

Answer 21

• joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds, with branches formed by alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• exists as a large spherical granule

Question 22

oligosaccharides

Answer 22

short chain of monosaccharides
- usually attached to proteins

Question 23

carbohydrates in the cell membrane

Answer 23

exclusively on the external side of the membrane bilayer, attached to proteins or lipids forming glycoproteins/glycolipids

Question 24

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 24

is glycated hemoglobin A, continuous process in RBC’s