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biology > lipids > Flashcards

lipids Flashcards

- to learn the chemical nature and properties of lipids - to understand how these relate to their function - to be able to recall the different classes of lipids, including fatty acid, phospholipids, sterols , triglycerides and waxes - to understand what osmosis is and how it impacts cells

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1
Q

what is a lipid?

A
  • insoluble molecule (doesn’t dissolve in water)
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2
Q

What are the functions on lipids (name 5)

A
  • energy storage
  • cell membrane structural components
  • hormones, vitamins + vitamin absorption
  • insulation- helps regulate body temp
  • protection- fat acts as shock absorber
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3
Q

what can lipids be?

A
  • hydrophobic or amphipathic
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4
Q

what is meant by hydrophobic?

A
  • fully insoluble in water
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5
Q

what is meant by amphipathic?

A
  • water soluble and water insoluble groups on one molecule ; molecule has both polar and non polar regions
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6
Q

what is the hydrophilic head?

A
  • polar head and is water loving
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7
Q

what is the hydrophobic tail?

A
  • non polar ; water hating
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8
Q

what can lipids can be classified as?

A
  • derived from fatty acids such as phospholipids + triglycerides
  • derived from sterol such as cholesterol and oestrogen
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9
Q

what chemical group do fatty acids have?

A
  • carboxyl group (o-c=o)
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10
Q

what can fatty acids be?

A

saturated or unsaturated

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11
Q

what is meant by a saturated fatty acid?

A
  • no double bonds present; has maximum number of hydrogen bonds
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12
Q

what is meant by unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • has at least one double bond; therefore doesn’t have maximum number of hydrogen bonds
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13
Q

how many structures do unsaturated fatty acids have and why?

A
  • 2 structures as rotation around c=c bond is not allowed
  • can be cis –> group on same side of c=c bond
  • can be trans–> group on opposite sides of c=c bond.
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14
Q

how does the length of the chain affect melting point?

A
  • longer chain = higher mp because longer carbon chains will experience stronger London forces (Van Der Wals)
  • this means there is more attraction between lipids and so more energy is required to break/ overcome them.
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15
Q

how does the cis configuration lower the mp?

A
  • double bond lowers mp; disrupts the long straight chains which leads to ‘kinks’ in the chain therefore there is less attraction and so less energy required to overcome the attraction
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16
Q

what are triglycerides?

A
  • has 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol
  • undergoes esterification to form triglyceride + water
  • fatty acids are joined by ester bonds (-c=o-r)
17
Q

what is the function of triglycerides?

A
  • energy storage = energy rich and packs up easily
  • buoyancy = low density, changes with temp
  • thermal insulation = fats don’t conduct heat well , therefore prevents heat loss
18
Q

what is the hydrophillic head made of?

A

PO4- and glycerol group

19
Q

what is the hydrophobic tail made of?

A
  • saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
20
Q

how can you describe the cell membrane as?

A
  • a fluid membrane
21
Q

why is the cell membrane fluid?

A
  • allows water to pass through and can adapt its shape and movement to different conditions
22
Q

what is osmosis?

A
  • occurs across the cell membrane
  • movement of water molecules from a solution of high concentration of water to a solution with low water concentration —> done via partially permeable membrane
23
Q

Is osmosis passive or active transport?

A
  • passive transport ; water moves to hypertonic area
24
Q

what is hypotonic and what happens?

A
  • fewer solutes outside of the cell; causes solvent to move into cell which then swells and can burst
25
Q

what is meant by isotonic?

A
  • equal solute concentration inside and out of cell
26
Q

what is meant by hypertonic?

A
  • more solutes outside of the cell
27
Q

what are waxes?

A
  • long chain alcohols and fatty acids; high mp compared to triglycerides
  • used for energy storage by marine creatures
28
Q

what is a sterol??

A
  • basis for a number of lipids
29
Q

what does sterol contain?

A
  • polar and non polar components—-> amphipathic
  • has a carbon ring
  • no rotation around a carbon bonds
30
Q

what are steroid hormones?

A
  • they are derived from sterol and acts as a cellular messenger
31
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin B class and vitamin C
32
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin A,D,E,K
  • requires fats to be absorbed into the body
33
Q

what is vitamin A for?

A
  • retinol; important for skin cells and vision
34
Q

what is vitamin D important for?

A
  • lacking this will cause rickets
35
Q

what is vitamin E for?

A
  • To help maintain healthy skin and eyes; strengthens the immune system
36
Q

what is vitamin K for?

A
  • Required for blood clotting; can be used as a treatment for anticoagulant (blood thinner)
37
Q
A

biology (10 decks)

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