Lipids Flashcards
Which of the following is true regarding the physical property of
timnodonic acid?
It is a volatile fatty acid.
b. It is less soluble in fat solvents than long-chain saturated
fatty acids.
c. It has a higher boiling point than arachidic acid.
d. Liquid at room temperature.
d. Liquid at room temperature.
Which of the following is an omega-7 fatty acid found in plants and
marine sources?
Palmitoleic acid
Which of these following fatty acids have the highest iodine
number?
a. Timnodonic acid
b. Cervonic acid
c. Alpha-linolenic acid
d. Arachidonic acid
Cervonic acid
:Iodine number depends on the number of double bonds.
Cervonic acid is docosahexaenoic acid. It is the one with the six double
bonds. Timnodonic has five. Alpha-linolenic acid—three; arachidonic
acid—four.
Which of the following alcohol is found in spermaceti?
Cetyl alcohol
> > Sperma(ceti)
Elaidic acid is the trans isomer of what fatty acid?
Oleic Acid
What is the most abundant fatty acid in virgin coconut oil?
Lauric acid
Which of the following TAG has the highest saponification number?
a. 1,2 dibutyric acid (4-carbon fatty acid)
b. Caproic acid (6-carbon)
1,2 dibutyric acid (4-carbon fatty acid)
Rationale: Molecular weight of the fatty acid is inversely proportional.
In this case, choose TAGs with short chain fatty acids or medium chain
fatty acids will have the highest saponification number.
What is the predominant TAG found in castor oil?
Triricinoleic acid
Which of the following is the main source of fat in the
Mediterranean diet?
Olive oil
Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Phosphatidyl choline
b. Phosphatidyl inositol
c. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
d. Phosphatidyl serine
Phosphatidyl inositol
Rationale: Must analyze the options. All others are nitrogen
containing phosphoglycerides, while phosphatidyl inositol is a sugar
alcohol without nitrogen in its structure
What second messenger involved in signal transduction can be
obtained when PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate) is
cleaved by the second enzyme?
: Phospholipase C
. This phospholipid is the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in
Barth’s Syndrome
Diphosphatidyl glycerol
(Common name: cardiolipin)
Platelet-activating factor is derived from this glycerol phosphatide:
a. Phosphatidyl serine
b. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
c. Phosphatidyl inositol
d. Phosphatidyl choline
Phosphatidyl choline
Which of the following sphingolipids does not belong to the group?
Sphingomyelin
Rationale: All other option are glycolipids namely, gangliosides,
sulfatides and globosides. Sphingomyelin, although it is a
sphingolipid, it does not contain sugar, while all the other options
have sugar molecules in them.
This sphingolipid accumulates in the brain of patients suffering
from metachromatic leukodystrophy?
Galactoserebroside-3-Sulfate
(Common name: Sulfatide)
Rationale: The accumulation of sulfatide is caused by a deficient
enzymatic breakdown of this lipid
Which of the ff. steroids has no side chain attached to Carbon 17?
Testosterone
Sex Hormones: No side-chain on C17
side chain attachment of testosterone
c-19
_______ are carriers of exogenous (dietary)
triacylglycerol in the blood.
Chylomicrons
Which of the ff. steroid derivatives of cholesterol is involved in
intermediary metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and the amino acids?
Cortisol
side chain attachment of estradiol
C-18
Which of the lipoproteins is involved in the mobilization of
endogenous triglyceride synthesized in the liver?
Pre beta lipoprotein
VERY LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL) - Also called prebeta lipoprotein removes triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver
thereby preventing their accumulation. Prevents the development of
fatty liver by prevention of accumulation of triacylglycerols is
mobilized by VLDL. Carries and serves as a vessel for endogenous
triglycerides in the blood.
Which of these lipoproteins is involved in the reverse transport of
cholesterol?
a. Chylomicron
b. Very Low-Density Lipoprotein
c. Low Density Lipoprotein
d. High Density Lipoprotein
High Density Lipoprotein
High density lipoprotein or alpha lipoprotein carries
cholesterol to the liver for disposal/excretion as free cholesterol in
bile, which is involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol (good
cholesterol).
_______ or _______ removes triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver.
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein or pre-beta
lipoprotein
_______ or ________ carries endogenous
cholesterol in the blood (bad cholesterol).
Low density lipoprotein or beta lipoprotein
This eicosanoid is an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule
that plays a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and
inflammation.
Lipoxin
This eicosanoid act as a local hormone (i.e., autocoids) that can either be paracrine or autocrine.
Prostaglandins
This eicosanoid stimulates platelet aggregation, and it is a
vasoconstrictor.
Thromboxane
This eicosanoid inhibits platelet aggregation, and it is a
vasodilator.
Prostacyclin
These eicosanoids are potent chemical mediators of
inflammation
Leukotrienes
Which of the following lipids will give the highest amount
of energy upon oxidation?
a. 1-stearoyl-2-oleyl-phosphatidyl choline
b. 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonic-3-laurin
c. Cholesterol-3-gamma-linolein
d. Ceramide oligosaccharide
a. 1-stearoyl-2-oleyl-phosphatidyl choline (It is
lecithin with 2 fatty acids.)
ANSWER b. 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonic-3-laurin (It is a
triglyceride with 2 long chains and 1 mediumchain lauric acid.)
c. Cholesterol-3-gamma-linolein (It is a cholesterol
ester.)
d. Ceramide oligosaccharide (It is ceramide with
only 1 fatty acid.)
Which one is NOT an ester of fatty acid with a high
molecular weight monohydric alcohol?
a. Cerumen
b. Carnuba wax
c. Lanolin Beeswax
Cerumen
(Also known as the earwax; not a true wax.)
True wax is an ester of fatty acid with a high molecular weight
monohydric alcohol.
What is present in sphingomyelin that is not found in
glycosphingolipid?
a. Sphingosine
b. Ceramide
c. Fatty Acid
d. Phosphate
Phosphate
(Sugars are found in glycosphingolipids.)
What is present in ganglioside that is absent in globoside?
(Globoside - ceramide oligosaccharides)
a. Glucose or galactose
b. Sphingosine
c. Sialic acid
d. Amino sugar
c. Sialic acid
(or N-acetylneuraminic acid)
. Which of these fatty acids is truly essential?
a. Alpha-linoleic acid
b. Gamma-linoleic acid
c. Cervonic acid
d. Docosahexaenoic acid
Alpha-linoleic acid
All other choices are not truly essential.
All of the following are derived lipids, EXCEPT:
a. TXA / Thromboxane
b. GLA / Gamma-linolenic acid
c. PGE / Prostaglandin E
d. LTB / Leukotriene B
b. GLA
Gamma-linolenic acid - which is an omega
6 fatty acid; it is not a derived lipids compared to
others (although some fatty acids are derived
lipids, if the given like lipoxine & prostacyclin)
Virgin coconut oil is very rich in this medium-chain fatty
acid.
a. Caproic acid
b. Capric acid
c. Caprylic acid
d. Lauric acid
d. Lauric acid
All the choices are medium-chain fatty acids but the most abundant,
almost 90% is Lauric acid.
Which fatty acid when present in TAGs will give the latter
a high Acetyl Number?
a. Ricinoleic Acid
b. Eicosapentaenoic acid
c. Palmitoleic acid
d. Stearic acid
Ricinoleic Acid
(an only fatty acid with a branching point of hydroxyl group)
Acetyl number - determines the presence of hydroxylated fatty acids
Which of the following about the physical properties of
arachidic acid is correct?
a. Solubility in water similar to butyric acid
b. Evaporates when left on the air
c. Solid at room temperature
d. Low boiling point
c. Solid at room temperature
a. Solubility in water similar to butyric acid (butyric
acid is short-chain with limited solubility)
b. Evaporates when left on the air (arachidic acid
is non-volatile)
c. Solid at room temperature
d. Low boiling point
Arachidic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid.
Arachidonic acid is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid.
Which of these unsaturated fatty acids is a trans isomer?
a. Arachidonic acid
b. Elaidic acid
c. Timnodonic acid
d. Oleic acid
b. Elaidic acid
(trans isomer of oleic acid)
The Mediterranean diet is rich in this kind of oil?
a. Coconut oil
b. Canola oil
c. Olive oil
d. Corn oil
Olive oil
(contains oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid)
The action of phospholipase C on this membrane lipid
release second messengers of hormones.
a. Phophatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
b. Ceramide phosphoryl choline
c. 1-palmitoyl-2cervonyl-phosphatidyl serine
d. Galactocerebroside 3-sulfate
a. Phophatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
(PIP2, only substrate for phospholipase C in the membrane; end products 1,2 DAG and IP3)
The phospholipid is deficient in the lung surfactant in
newborns with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
a. Sphingomyelin
b. Diphosphatidyl glycerol
c. Phosphatidal ethanolamine
d. Dipalmitoyllecithin
d. Dipalmitoyllecithin
(Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline)
Inversion of the location of this lipid in the cell membrane
from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet is an early sign of
programmed cell death.
a. Cardiolipin
b. Phosphatidyl serine
c. Lipositol
d. Phosphatidal choline
Phosphatidyl serine
What is present in a plasmalogen that is absent in a
phosphatidate?
a. Glycerol
b. Fatty acid
c. High molecular weight alcohol
d. Ester bond
d. Ester bond (should be ether linkage)
What sphingolipid accumulates in the kidney of a patient
suffering from Fabry disease?
a. Sphingomyelin
b. Glucocerebroside
c. Sulfatide
d. Ceramide trihexoside
d. Ceramide trihexoside
Accumulation of ______ in the brain, liver, and spleen causes
Niemann-Pick Disease
sphingomyelin
Accumulation of ______ causes Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
sulfatides
Accumulation of ______ in the liver and spleen causes Gaucher disease
glucocerebrosides
GM2 accumulates in the brain of patients with this
lysosomal storage disease?
a. Generalized gangliosidosis
b. Tay Sach-disease
c. Gaucher disease
d. Krabbe disease
b. Tay Sach-disease
Accumulation of GM1 causes _______
generalized gangliosidosis;
Accumulation of glucocerebroside causes _______
Gaucher disease;
accumulation of galactocerebroside in brain white matter causes
Krabbe disease.
This is a C-24 steroid which facilitates fat digestion and
absorption in the small intestines?
a. Ergocalciferol
b. Chenodeocycholic acid
c. Androstenedione
d. Calcitriol
b. Chenodeocycholic acid
Active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol
Vitamin D2 a.k.a _________
Ergocalciferol
Which of these lipoproteins is involved in the reverse
transport of cholesterol?
a. Chylomicron
b. Prebeta lipoprotein
c. Beta lipoprotein
d. Alpha lipoprotein
Alpha lipoprotein
(High Density Lipoprotein)
____________ transports dietary cholesterol, other lipids, and fat
soluble vitamins obtained from food;
Chylomicron
__________prevents fatty liver;
Prebeta lipoprotein
(Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
_________ carries endogenous cholesterol in the
blood;
Beta lipoprotein
(Low Density Lipoprotein)
________ carries “good cholesterol”.
Alpha lipoprotein
(High Density Lipoprotein)
_________stimulated platelet aggregation and is a vasoconstrictor (exact opposite to PGI3)
TXA3
(Thromboxane A3)
This eicosanoid inhibits platelet aggregation and is a
vasodilator.
a. TXA3
b. PGI3
c. LTA3
d. LX3
b. PGI3
(Prostacyclin)
_________ are chemical mediators of inflammation;
LTA3
(Leukotriene A3)
__________ is a endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule that reduces
excess tissue injury and chronic inflammation.
LX3
(Lipoxene A3)
A lipid is the fraction of any biological material that is
Insoluble in water
Soluble in one or more solvents of low polaritY
Lipids are heterogenous group of compounds that contain:
fatty acids, fats and oils
waxes
steroids
phospholipids
sphingolipids
fat = ___ kcal
9 kcal
carbs = ___ kcal
4 kcal
protein= ___ kcal
4 kcal
most abundant membrane lipids
phospholipids
alcohol= ___ kcal
7 kcal
most common membrane lipids
Phospholipids: most abundant
Free cholesterol
Glycosphingolipids
sugar-containing sphingolipid
Glycosphingolipids
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
simple lipids
hydroxyl group (–OH) in substance
alcohols
carboxyl group (–COOH)
fatty acid/ FA
forms between –OH and –COOH
ester bond
two structural alcohol backbone in
simple and compound lipids.
glycerol
sphingosine
ester of three FA
and one glycerol.
TAG/ triacylglycerol
TRIGLYCEROL
this is NOT important in mammalian tissues
waxes
Mostly consist of 12-32 carbon atoms
waxes
esters of FA with higher molecular weight
monohydric alcohols
waxes
Esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
waxes
cera alba
beeswax
major component of beeswax
myricyl palmitate
Fat base and thickener for ointments and
creams
beeswax
Depilating wax
beeswax
anti-inflammatory and healing properties
beeswax
Extracted by centrifuging sheep wool to separate oil
from chemicals and debris
lanolin
Protects sheep wool and skin from environment.
lanolin
- Vegetable wax from the fronds of the carnauba palm.
caranuba wax
common component of furniture, leather, car and shoe polishes
caranuba wax
cosmetics, polish for candies and medicinal pills, thickener for solvent and oils, hardener for printing inks
caranuba wax
Was used chiefly in ointments, cosmetic creams, fine
wax candles, pomades, and textile finishing; later used
for industrial lubricants
spermaceti
can attach side chains or functional groups to the hydroxyl groups
glycerol
Trihydric alcohol (three hydroxyl groups attached to three different carbon atoms)
glycerol
very long molecule
sphingosine
synthesize inside our body from a hydroxyamino acid (serine)
sphingosine
first 3 carbon atoms of sphingosine come from this compound
serine
16 C atoms (long chain saturated fatty acid)
where serine was derived from
palmitic acid
serine and palmitic acid:
can attach fatty acid to the _____________
nitrogen atom
serine and palmitic acid:
can attach hydroxyl sugar or phosphorylated side chain to the _____________
hydroxyl group
esters of fatty acids with various alcohol groups+ functional groups
complex (compound) lipids
there is a phosphate group or a phosphoric acid residue
phospholipids
contain carbohydrates (sugars - glycosphingolipids)
glycolipids
hybrid molecules of lipids and apoproteins
lipoproteins
found on the surface of lipoproteins
apoproteins
examples of eicosanoids
prostacyclin
prostaglandins
thromboxane
lipoxins
ecotrin
examples of steroids
cholesterol
hormones
bile acids
lipid soluble vitamins
ADEK
most important component of lipids in general
fatty acids
Insoluble in water but soluble in one or more solvents of
_________ such as ___, _____, _____, and ____. Different phospholipids have different solubility
in different solvents
low polarity
chloroform, acetone, alcohol, and
benzene
class of cortisol
pre-cursor/ derived lipids
class of triacylglycerol
simple lipids
class of glycerophosphatide
compound lipids
fatty acids that are not truly essential
DHA and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
other building blocks of compound lipids
sphingosine and glycerol alcohol
food supplement that enhances nutrition
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and timnodonic acid
DHA (22:6) and EPA will be truly essential in the absence of
_________
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
it contains only one carboxyl group (monocarboxylic)
palmitic acid
No matter how long the hydrocarbon residue is, the last
(leftmost) carbon group contains a _____________________
which is referred to as the __________
methyl group (CH3)
omega carbon atom
number of carbon atoms: Arachidonic acid
C-20
________ can also serve as a
point of reference when locating double bonds if there are
more than one.
methyl group (omega carbon atom)
number of carbon atoms: Stearic acid
C-18)
number of carbon atoms: Tuberculostearic acid
C-19
No double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
Have double bonds (one or more)
unsaturated FA
abundant in animal fats
saturated FA
may be envisaged as based
on acetic acid (CH3 – COOH) as the first member
of the series in which CH2– is progressively
added between the terminal CH3– and –COOH
groups
saturated FA
Two most abundant saturated fatty acids in
nature
palmitic acid (c-16)
stearic acid (c-18)
major end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms
acetic (C-2)
in certain fats in small amounts (esp. butter). an end product of carb. fermentation by rumen organisms
butyric (C-4)
valeric (no. of C atoms)
5
spermaceti,, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurels, butter
lauric (C-12)
caproic (no. of C atoms)
6
nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter
myristic (C-14)
examples of PUFA
Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids
common in all animal and plant fats
palmitic (C-16)
stearic (no. of C atoms)
C-18
once you have this you can already
synthesize Gamma-linolenic acid (GHA)
linoleic acid
abundant in plants and fish oils
unsaturated FA
Can be synthesized from palmitic acid (have the same
number of carbon atoms)
palmitoleic acid (16:1)
Can be synthesized from stearic acid (have the same
number of carbon atoms)
oleic acid (18:1)
palmitic acid and stearic acid can be synthesized through the saturation reaction by enzyme ________
saturase
MUFA :
Can be synthesized inside the body
oleic acid
Most common precursor of eicosanoids
Arachidonic acid
eicosatetraenoic
acid
arachidonic acid
formed via lipoxygenase pathway
leukotrienes and lipoxins
Third group of eicosanoid derivatives
leukotrienes and lipoxins
Characterized by the presence of three or four
conjugated double bonds, respectively
leukotrienes and lipoxins
__________ cause bronchoconstriction as well as
being potent proinflammatory agents, and play a part
in asthma.
Non-essential Fatty acids: examples
Saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid
Our body cannot introduce new double bonds beyond
carbon atom ______
number 12
Essential fatty acids
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
alpha-linolenic acid or
(Omega-3)
Linoleic acid or
omega-6
cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid
Timnodonic acid
cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
Alpha-linolenic acid
omega 6: truly essential
linoleic acid
Can be synthesized inside the body as long as you have
alpha-linoleic acid
timnodonic acid
Timnodonic acid-more commonly known as __________-
EPA
eicosapentaenoic acid
20 carbon atoms with 5 double bonds
timnodonic acid
Usually found as a supplement in milk powder formula for
babies.
timnodonic acid
cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid
Cervonic acid
More commonly known as DHA
Cervonic acid
examples of omega-3 FA
alpha-linoleic acid
timnodonic acid
cervonic acid
If you have EPA, you can synthesize ____
DHA
omega 3: truly essential
alpha-linoleic acid
cis-9,12 octadecadienoic acid
Linoleic acid
(cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
Arachidonic acid
cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid
Gamma-linolenic acid
Once you have GLA you can already synthesize
_________-
Arachidonic acid
The three double bonds are methylene interrupted
double bonds.
Arachidonic acid
Anti-inflammatory effects
omega-3
pro-inflammatory
omega-6
Diet rich in ___________ are beneficial for cardiovascular
disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis & Alzheimer disease
ω3 fatty acids
_______ help decrease triglycerides,
reduce blood clotting, and lower the risk of stroke and
heart failure.
Omega-3 fatty acids
dietary ratio of ω6 to ω3 PUFA is between _______–
1:1 and 4:1
Reference point is the carboxyl carbon atom as C-1
Using the symbol delta (Δ) plus a superscript number
THREE CONVENTIONAL WAYS OF DESIGNATING THE LOCATION OF
DOUBLE BONDS
Using the symbol delta (Δ) plus a superscript number
Using the symbol omega (ω) plus a number beside it.
Using a series of numbers enclosed in a parenthesis.
It is an alternating single bond and a double
bond
conjugated type of double bond
It is a system of naming, designating an unsaturated fatty acid.
Using the symbol omega (ω) plus a number beside it.
If oleic acid is an omega 9 fatty acid what about palmitoleic acid?
omega 7 monounsaturated fatty
acid that is found in plants.
__________ are easy to digest and
easily absorbed by the small intestine
medium chain triglycerides
example of short chain FA
butyric acid (C-4)
example of long chain FA
caproic acid (C-6), caprylic acid (C-8),
capric acid (C-10) & lauric acid (C-12)
All naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are _________
long chain
in nearly all fats
Palmitoleic
Hydrogenated and ruminant fats
elaidic
cis-9-Octadecenoic
oleic
examples of long chain FA
myristic FA (c-14)
arachidic FA (c-20)
Possibly the most common fatty acid in natural fats, particularly high in olive oil
oleic
cis-9-Hexadecenoic
Palmitoleic
all-cis-9,12-
Octadecadienoic
linoleic
trans-9-Octadecenoic
elaidic
Corn, peanut, cottonseed, soy bean, and
many plant oils
linoleic
some plants, eg, oil of evening primrose, borage oil, minor FA in animals
y-linolenic
all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic
y-linolenic
fish oils, algal oils, phospholipids in brain
cervonic
frequently found with linoleic acid but particularly in linseed oil
a-linolenic
