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Chemical level of organisation > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

Identify the different types of lipids; discuss the functions of lipids

1
Q

What are the main elements in lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are the seven main types of lipids?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Steroids
  5. Eicosanoids
  6. Fat-soluble vitamins
  7. Lipoproteins
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3
Q

Which type of lipid is the most plentiful in the body and diet?

A

Triglycerides

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4
Q

What are the ‘building blocks’ of triglycerides?

A

1 x glycerol and 3 x fatty acids

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5
Q

In a triglyceride, do all the fatty acids have to be identical?

A

No, they can even be a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

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6
Q

What are the carbon chain lengths of each type of fatty acid:
1. Short chain
2. Medium chain
3. Long chain

A
  1. <6
  2. 6-12
  3. > 12
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7
Q

What is the distinction between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solid at room temperature whereas oils are liquid

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8
Q

Why are fats solid at room temperature?

A

They mostly contain saturated fatty acids which can pack closer together as the lack of double bonds means a lack of ‘kinks’ in the carbon chain

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9
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

All have four carbon rings and all are based on cholesterol, the ‘originator’ steroid made in the liver

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10
Q

What are the five main types of steroids?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Bile salts
  3. Vitamin D
  4. Adrenocortical hormones
  5. Sex hormones
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11
Q

What are the two key functions of fatty acids in the body?

A
  1. Used to make triglycerides and phopholipids
  2. Broken down to generate ATP
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12
Q

What are the three key functions of triglycerides?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Insulation
  3. Energy storage
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13
Q

What are the two key functions of cholesterol?

A
  1. Minor component of all animal cell membranes
  2. Precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones
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14
Q

What is the key function of bile salts?

A

Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

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15
Q

What are the three key functions of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Transport lipids in blood
  2. Carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues
  3. Remove excess cholesterol from blood
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16
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

20-carbon lipids derived from arachidonic acid with hormone-like effects

17
Q

Name two types of eicosanoids

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Leukotrienes
18
Q

Give some examples of eicosanoid functions

A

Modify hormone responses, contribute to inflammation and allergic responses, dilate airways, regulate body temperature and more

19
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

20
Q

What effect does intake of saturated fats have on blood lipids?

A

Raising of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

21
Q

What are the main dietary sources of saturated fat?

A

Red meats, processed meats, whole-milk dairy products, palm and coconut oils

22
Q

What effect does intake of monounsaturated fats have on blood lipids?

A

Lowering of total blood cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

23
Q

What are the main dietary sources of monounsaturated fat?

A

Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, walnuts, sunflower seeds, tofu and soybeans

24
Q

What are the two main types of polyunsaturated fats?

These fats are essential - they must be consumed (body cant make them)

A

Omega-3 and omega-6

25
Q

What effect does intake of omega-3 PUFA have on blood lipids and pressure?

A

Reduction of blood pressure, raising HDL and lowering triglycerides

26
Q

What are the main dietary sources of omega-3?

A

Oily fish, flaxseeds, walnuts and some oils

27
Q

What are the main sources of omega-6?

A

Vegetable oils (safflower, walnut, corn oil), eggs, organ meats and most processed foods

28
Q

How are trans-fats made?

A

Hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make them solid at room temperature

29
Q

What are the effects of trans-fat consumption on blood lipids?

A

Increase in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides, decrease in HDL

30
Q

Structurally, how do triglycerides and phospholipids differ?

A

Triglycerides have three fatty acid attached to the glycerol molecule whereas phospholipids have two and a phosphate group linking a small, nitrogen-containing polar group

Chemical level of organisation (5 decks)

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