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CCHM311 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

A compound that can be dissolved in organic solvents but not with water

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Can lipids travel in the body on its own?

A

No

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3
Q

What is lipids composed mostly of?

A

Carbon-hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Structural components of membranes
Storage and transport
Protective coating
Cell surface components

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5
Q

Metabolic fuel, building blocks of other lipids

A

Fatty acids

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6
Q

Fatty acid storage and transport of metabolic intermediates

A

Triglycerides

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7
Q

Membrane structure
Membrane signal transduction
Storage of arachidonic acid
Component of pulmonary surfactant

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

For membrane structure

A

Sphingolipids

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9
Q

Metabolic fuel

A

Ketone bodies

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10
Q

Membrane component
Precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

Simplest lipid class in terms of structure

A

Fatty acids

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12
Q

2 major functions of fatty acids

A

Building blocks for triglycerides and phospholipids
Sources of metabolic energy

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13
Q

Fatty acid containing 4-6 carbons

A

Short chain

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14
Q

Fatty acid containing 8-12 carbons

A

Medium chain

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15
Q

Fatty acid containing >12 carbons

A

Long chain

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16
Q

Fatty acids that are straight chain compounds with even number of carbons

A

Dietary fatty acids

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17
Q

Fatty acid without double bonds
Medium to long chain carboxylic acids

A

Saturated FA

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18
Q

Fatty acid with double bonds (dehydrogenated)

A

Unsaturated FA

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19
Q

What makes the unsaturated FA more liquid at room temp?

A

Double bonds

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20
Q

It plays a role in decreasing lipid storage and lowering the tendency to block the blood flow in arteries

A

Double bonds

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21
Q

Two forms of FA

A

free fatty acid
Esterified fatty acid

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22
Q

Most metabolically active plasma lipid
Binds to albumin

A

Free fatty acid

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23
Q

Covalently linked with other molecules such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

A

Esterified fatty acid

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24
Q

Where is trans-fatty acid found?

A

Fried food
Commercially bakes goods
Processed food
Margarine

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25
Q

Has both hydrogen atoms located on the same side

A

Cis unsaturated FA

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26
Q

Has two hydrogen atoms on opposite sides

A

Trans unsaturated FA

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27
Q

Triple esters formed between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Triglycerides/triacylglycerols

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28
Q

Composition of triglycerides

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

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29
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

Part of the cell membrane
Storage form of lipids

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30
Q

Structurally similar to triglycerides
Derived from phosphatidic acid

A

Phospholipids/phospholycerides

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31
Q

Composition of phospholipids

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 charged group (contain phosphate)

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32
Q

What is the nature of phospholipids

A

Amphipathic

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33
Q

This part of the phospholipid interacts with water

A

Polar head

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34
Q

This part of the phospholipid interacts with organic compounds

A

Non-polar tail

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35
Q

Phosphatidyl cholin

A

Lecithin

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36
Q

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

A

Cephalin

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37
Q

Diphosphatidyl glycerol

A

Cardiolipin

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38
Q

Lung surfactant composition

A

Lecithin and sphingmyelin

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39
Q

What is the purpose of lecithin and sphingomyelin in the lungs?

A

It voids the collapse of pneumocytes

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40
Q

one of the methods used to assess fetal lung maturation

A

Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio

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41
Q

If the LS is low, what will happen to the newborn?

A

Die

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42
Q

Unsaturated steroid alcohol of high molecular weight

A

Cholesterol

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43
Q

This form of the cholesterol contains one FA molecule

A

Esterified cholesterol

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44
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Manufacture and repair cell membranes
Synthesis of bile acids and vitamin D
Precursor of 5 major classes of steroid hormones

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45
Q

What are the 5 major classes of steroid hormones?

A

Progestin
Androgens
Glucocorticoid
Estrogen
Mineralocorticoids

46
Q

Waxy material which form a plate-like crystals
Plays an important role in plaque formation in the blood vessels

A

Cholesterol

47
Q

Recommended cholesterol intake of adults per day

A

<300 mg/day

48
Q

Normal range for cholesterol intake for adults

A

100-700 mg/day

49
Q

How much cholesterol is being produced in the liver and other tissues?

A

500-1000 mg

50
Q

How much biliary cholesterol is secreted into the intestine daily?

A

600-1000 mg

51
Q

Types of cholesterol

A

Free cholesterol
Esterified cholesterol

52
Q

Sugar containing lipid that consists of a sphingosine (backbone) molecule that has a fatty acid attached to its amino group and a sugar linked to the primary alcohol group (ceramide)

A

Glycolipids/sphingolipids

53
Q

Sugar component of lipids

A

Sphingolipids

54
Q

Simplest glycolipids

A

Cerebrosides/galactosylceramide

55
Q

What will the galactosylceramide produce?

A

Glucosylceramide

56
Q

Major lipids of cell membranes of the brain and CNS

A

Gangliosides

57
Q

Plays an important role in cell recognition and blood typing

A

Glycosphingolipids

58
Q

Where is glycosphingolipids stored?

A

On the RBC membrane

59
Q

Protein associated with plasma lipoproteins

A

Apolipoproteins

60
Q

Structural elements in the amphipathic shell of lipoprotein particles and help to keep lipids in solution during circulation through the blood stream

A

Apolipoproteins

61
Q

Regulate plasma lipid metabolism by activating and inhibiting enzymes that are involved in the process

A

Apolipoproteins

62
Q

Interact with specific cell-surface receptors and direct the lipids to the correct target organs and tissues in the body

A

Apolipoproteins

63
Q

Who discovered the apolipoprotein?

A

Peter alaupovic

64
Q

Apolipoprotein that is a major component of HDL

A

Apo A

65
Q

Major activator of LCAT

A

Apo A-I

66
Q

Activates hepatic lipase

A

Apo A-II

67
Q

Cofactor of LCAT

A

Apo A-IV

68
Q

Major protein component of LDL

A

Apo B

69
Q

Binds to LDL cell receptor

A

Apo B100

70
Q

Structural role in chylomicrons

A

Apo B-48

71
Q

Major protein component of VLDL

A

Apo C

72
Q

Also activates LCAT

A

Apo C-I

73
Q

Potent activator of LPL

A

Apo C-II

74
Q

Regulates rate of clearance of TAG-rich lipoprotein (inhibit LPL)

A

Apo C-III

75
Q

Apo A-III; serves as lysolecithin carrier

A

Apo D

76
Q

Recognizes cell receptors to target chylomicrons and VLDL remnants to the hepatic receptors

A

Apo E

77
Q

Carrier proteins; carries triglycerides and cholesterol to the different parts of the body

A

Lipoproteins

78
Q

Body’s petroleum industry

A

Lipoproteins

79
Q

Component of the outside of lipids

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides

80
Q

Components of the core of lipoproteins

A

Apolipoproteins, phospholipids, free cholesterol

81
Q

Largest of the lipoproteins particles
Major carrier of exogenous triglycerides

A

Chylomicrons

82
Q

End stage of chylomicrons

A

Liver

83
Q

Clearance time from the formation of CM after a meal and the removal of the remnants

A

6 hours

84
Q

Indicative of presence of CM and signals a defect in their clearance

A

Creamy layer rising to the top of a fasting serum that has been cooled overnight

85
Q

Carry triglycerides assembled in the liver out to the cells (endogenous)

A

VLDL

86
Q

Synthesized in the liver and are responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues

A

LDL

87
Q

Bad cholesterol

A

LDL

88
Q

Smaller denser ldl IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT?

A

Higher risk of chd

89
Q

Very small ldl is associated with what?

A

Triglyceride and pancreatitis

90
Q

Gather up extra cholesterol from the tissues for transport back to the liver

A

HDL

91
Q

Good cholesterol

A

HDL

92
Q

indicates obstructive biliary disease

A

elevated LPX

93
Q

floating beta lipoprotein
richer in cholesterol than vldl
serious risk for atherosclerosis

A

beta vldl

94
Q

large hdl rich in cholesterol
contains apo e
seen when diet is very high in cholesterol

A

HDLc

95
Q

patient should have a regular diet for how long prior to the blood collection

A

3 weeks

96
Q

there should be no alcohol consumption for how many days prior

A

2 days

97
Q

sample should be collected after a fasting of how many years

A

12 hours

98
Q

triglyceride determination methods

A

zilversmith and van handel
enzymatic method

99
Q

end product of zilversmith and van handel

A

formaldehyde (pink color)

100
Q

bloor’s reagent components

A

alcohol and ether

101
Q

steps in zilversmith and van handel

A
  1. extract using organic solvents (bloor’s reagent)
  2. add KOH for the hydrolysis of triglyceride into fatty acid
  3. (measurement of glycerol) oxidize glycerol by periodate solution to formaldehyde
  4. color reaction of formaldehyde (formaldehyde + chromotrophic acid)
102
Q

easy to use, more rapid, low-cost, and efficient
uses lipase- no extraction needed

A

enzymatic method

103
Q

colored product of enzymatic method for triglyceride determination

A

pyruvate kinase

104
Q

fluorometry of plasma triglyceride determination

A

hantzsch method

105
Q

colored product of plasma triglyceride determination

A

yellow (400-485nm)

106
Q

where do adults belong in the classification of TAG values

A

ATPIII

107
Q

triglyceride- <150 mg/dL

A

normal

108
Q

triglyceride- 150-199 mg/dl

A

borderline high

109
Q

triglyceride 200-499 mg/dl

A

high

110
Q

triglyceride => 500 mg/dl

A

very high

CCHM311 (2 decks)

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