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Biochemistry MCAT > Lipid Structure and Function CH 5 > Flashcards

Lipid Structure and Function CH 5 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

How are lipids characterized

A

insolubility in water and solubility in non polar organic solvents

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2
Q

Are lipids soluble in water

A

no lipids are insoluble in water

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3
Q

Are lipids soluble in non polar organic solvents

A

yes lipids are soluble in non-polar organic solvents

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4
Q

What is the role of lipids in the body

A

structural lipids

signaling lipids

energy storage

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5
Q

What is the role of structural lipids

A

form vesicles, liposomes, and membranes

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6
Q

What is the role of signaling lipids

A

multiple roles

enzyme cofactors
light absorbing pigments
intracellular messengers
hormones

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7
Q

What is the role of energy storage lipids

A

workhorse of energy storage

give the most bang for the metabolic buck by weight

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8
Q

What are the four main categories of structural lipids

A

phospholipids

glycerophospholipids

sphingolipids

waxes

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9
Q

What are he four main categories of signaling lipids

A

terpenes and terpenoids

steroids

prostaglandins

fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What are the two main categories of energy storage lipids

A

triaclglycerols

free fatty acids and saponification

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11
Q

What does it mean to be an amphipathic molecule

A

the molecules has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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12
Q

The heads of the membrane lipids are ___ and the tails of the membrane lipids are _____

A

The heads of the membrane lipids are POLAR and the tails fo the membrane lipids are NON-POLAR fatty acid tails

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13
Q

How do the polar heads and non polar fatty acid tails form in an aqueous solution

A

non polar fatty acid tails are hydrophobic so they group together and form and internal core and the polar heads are hydrophilic and are on the outside of the membrane

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14
Q

What are the three main membrane lipid structures that can form in aqueous solutions

A

liposome, micelle, and phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

What are the elements that make up a phospholipid

A

polar head group: phosphate and an alcohol

non polar fatty acid tail

phosphodiester bond forms between the polar head and fatty acid tail

one or more fatty acids are attached to the backbone of to form the hydrophobic tail region

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16
Q

What is the bond between the polar head group and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid membrane

A

phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

How are phospholipids classified beyond the polar head and fatty acid tails

A

can be further classified by the backbone on which the molecule is built

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18
Q

What is glycerol and what is glycerol the backbone for

A

three carbon alcohol

backbone for phophoglycerides or glycerophospholipids

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19
Q

What kind of backbone doe sphingolipids have

A

sphingosine backbone

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20
Q

Are all sphingolipids phospholipids

A

no not all sphingolipids are phospholipids

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21
Q

What do all lipids share in common and they vary by what

A

fatty acid tails composed of long fatty acids that vary by degree of saturation and length

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22
Q

What type of bonds do saturated fatty acids have between them

A

will only have single bonds

carbon atom is fully saturated when it is bonded to four other atoms

no pi bonds

stronger van der waals forces therefore they form solids at room temperature

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23
Q

What type of fatty acids form butter

A

saturated

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24
Q

Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have stronger van der waals forces

A

saturated fatty acids have stronger van der waals forces therefore they form solids at room temperature

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25
Q

What type of fatty acids form olive oil

A

unsaturated

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26
Q

What type of bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have between them

A

one or more double bonds

double bonds introduce kinks into the fatty acid chain, this makes it difficult for them to stack and solidify

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27
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer what types of fatty acids make up the more fluid regions

A

unsaturated fatty acids make up the more fluid regions of the phospholipid bilayer

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28
Q

Whats different between phospholipids, glcerephospholids and sphingolipids?

A

variety of fatty acid tails (saturated and unsaturated) and different polar head groups

determine the properties of the surface of the cell membrane

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29
Q

all ________ are phospholipids but not all phospholipids are ______

A

glycerophospholipids

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30
Q

What are glycerophospholipids

A

they are phospholipids that…

have a glycerol backbone

ester bond from the backbone to the two fatty acid tails

phosphodiester linkage to a highly polar hear group

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31
Q

What is another name for glycerophospholipids

A

phosphoglycerides

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32
Q

How are glycerophospholipids named

A

named according to their polar head group

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33
Q

What is the name of the glycerophospholipid with a choline head group

A

phosphatidylcholine

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34
Q

What is the name of the glycerophospholipids with a ethanolamine head group

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

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35
Q

What type of polar head to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have

A

choline

ethanolamine

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36
Q

What charge can the polar head group have on glycerophospholipids

A

can be positively, negatively, or neurally charged

membrane surface properties make them important for cell recognition, signaling, and binding

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37
Q

What could differ between the fatty acids within subtypes of glycerophospholipids

A

they can vary in length and saturation

this can cause a different array of functions

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38
Q

Are glycerophospholipid, spingolipisds or phospholipids responsible for the ABO blood type system

A

sphingolipids

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39
Q

What is the ABO blood type system based off of

A

on cell surface antigens of red blood cells

these cell surface antigens are sphingolipids

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40
Q

What is the backbone of sphingolipids

A

sphingosine or sphingoid

these are DIFFERENT

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41
Q

What is a glycolipid

A

any lipid that is linked to a sugar

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42
Q

What are the four major subclasses of sphingolipids and how are they broken into these classes

A

broken into classes based on their polar head group

ceramide
sphingomyelins
glycosphingolipids
gangliosides

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43
Q

What are characteristics of ceramide subclass of sphingolipids

A

simplest sphingolipid

polar head is a single hydrogen atom

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44
Q

Which saturation of fatty acid tails are more fluid, what saturation is less fluid

A

saturated fatty acid tails are less fluid

unsaturated fatty acid tails are more fluid

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45
Q

Does the polar head group of fatty acid tails make the majority of structural thickness of the phospholipid bilayer

A

fatty acid tail form most of the structural thickness of the phospholipid bilayer

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46
Q

What makes some but not all sphingolipids phospholipids

A

if they contain a phosphodiester bond and these are specifically called sphingophospholipids

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47
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond between in a membrane

A

the bond between the polar head group and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid membrane

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48
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond between in a membrane

A

the bond between the polar head group and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid membrane

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49
Q

What is the simplest class of sphingolipids

A

ceramide

polar head with a single hydrogen atom

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50
Q

What is the major class of sphingolipids

A

sphingomyelins

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51
Q

Are sphingomyelins phospholipids

A

yes sphingomyelins are phospholipids specially called sphingophospholipids

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52
Q

What are characteristics of sphingomyelins polar head group, bonds, and function

A

major class of sphingolipids

are a phospholipid

contain either a phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine head group

they have a phosphodiester bond

head group has no net charge

major component of the myelin sheath

major component of the plasma membranes of cells producing myelin (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells)
myelin insulates the sheath of axons

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53
Q

What subclass of sphingolipids have either a phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine head group with no net charge and is a major component of the myelin sheath

A

sphingomyelins

its the major class of sphingolipids

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54
Q

What subclass of sphingolipids have a head group composed of sugars bonded by a glycosidic linkage and are usually found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

A

glycosphingolipids

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55
Q

What are characteristics of glycosphingolipids polar head group, bonds, and function

A

not phospholipids because they do not have a phosphodiester bond

polar head group composed of sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages (linked to sugar moieties instead of phosphate)

found mainly on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and can be further classified into cerebrosides and globosides

usually referred to as neutral glycolipids because they have no net charge at a physiological pH

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56
Q

What are the two classes of glycosphingolipids

A

glycosphingolipids are a type of sphingolipids

can be classified into
cerebrosides and globosides

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57
Q

What are the characteristics of cerebrosides

A

a type of glycosphingolipids that are a type of sphingolipids

have a single sugar connected to a sphingosine

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of globosides

A

a type of glycosphingolipids that are a type of sphingolipids

have two or more sugars connected to a sphingosine

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59
Q

Why are glycosphingolipids usually referred to as neutral glycolipids

A

because they have no net charge at a physiological pH

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60
Q

What are the most complex class of sphingolipids

A

gangliosides

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61
Q

What are characteristics of gangliosides, polar head group, bonds, and function

A

polar head group composed of oligosaccharides with one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) (also called sialic acid) molecules at the terminus

polar heads have a negative charge

have no phosphate group, therefore they are not phospholipids

called glycolipids because they have a glycosidic linkage and no phosphate group

play a role in cell interaction, recognition, and signal transduction

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62
Q

What subclass of sphingolipids have a polar head group with a net negative charge that is composed of oligosaccharides with one or more sialic acid molecule at the terminus

A

gangliosides

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63
Q

Are sphingomyelins phospholipids

A

yes because they have a phosphodiester bond

64
Q

Are glycosphingolipids phospholipids

A

no because they have a glycosidic linkage not a phosphodiester bond

called glycolipids

65
Q

Are gangliosides phospholipids

A

no because have a glycosidic linkage and they do not have a phosphodiester bond

called glycolipids

66
Q

What is the common name for N-acetylneuraminic acid

A

sialic acid

67
Q

What are characteristics of waxes

A

contain long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols

used as protection against evaporation and parasites in plants and animals

68
Q

What type of structural lipids have a long-chain fatty acids that are esterified to long-chain alcohols

A

waxes

69
Q

How do waxes help protect plants

A

waxes are secreted as a surface coating

to prevent excessive evaporation and to protect against parasites

70
Q

How do waxes help protect animals

A

waxes are secreted

to prevent dehydration, as a lubricant, and as a repellant to keep skin and feathers dry

bees secrete waxes to construct a structure
humans have earwax for protection

71
Q

What are terpenes

A

class of lipids built from isoprene C5H8 moieties and share a common structural pattern with carbon grouped in multiples of five

a type of signaling lipid

odiferous chemicals

metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

72
Q

What are terpenoids and what is another name for them

A

derived from terpenes via oxygenation or backbone rearrangements

also called isoprenoids

have similar odorous characteristics

73
Q

What is a monoterpene

A

one terpene unit,
it is formed by two isoprene units
C10H16

abundant in both essential oils and turpentine (smell derived from resin)

74
Q

What is isoprene

A

a five carbon molecule that make up terpenes

75
Q

What produces terpenes

A

produced mainly by plants and also by some insects

generally strong scented

can be pungent chemicals produced by plants or insects to protective them

can be pleasant chemicals produced by plants and extracted as essential oils from plants

76
Q

What would the pleasant chemical produced by plants extracted as essential oil or the pungent odor produced by plants or insects as a defensive mechanism be classified as

A

terpenes, which is a lipid that’s role is in signaling

77
Q

How are terpenes grouped

A

according to the number of isoprene units present

78
Q

How many isoprene units compose sesquiterpenes

A

contain three isoprene units

79
Q

How many isoprene units compose diterpenes

A

contain four isoprene units

vitamin A is a diterpene from which a visual pigment vital for sight is derived

80
Q

How many isoprene units compose triterpenes

A

contain six isoprene units

can be converted to cholesterol and various steroids

81
Q

How many isoprene units compose tetraterpenes

A

contain eight isoprene units

carotenoids like beta-carotene and lutein are tetraterpenes

82
Q

How many isoprene chains can be seen in natural rubber and why type of terpene is this considered

A

natural rubber has isoprene chains between 1000 and 5000 units long and are called a polyterpene

83
Q

How are terpenoids formed

A

formed from terpenes that have either undergone oxygenation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton

they are further modified by the addition of different functional groups

84
Q

What is the role of terpenoids

A

share similar characteristics with terpenes

biological precursor function and aromatic properties

steroid biosynthesis

contribute to the scent of cinnamon, eucalyptus, camphor, turmeric, and numerous other compounds

85
Q

How are terpenoids named

A

name according to the number of isoprene units present

86
Q

How many isoprene units would be in diterpenoids

A

derived from four isoprene units

87
Q

Terpenes and terpenoids are precursor molecules for _____

A

precursor molecules that produce important products that include steroids, which have widespread effects on biological function and vitamin A which is vital to site

88
Q

What molecules are precursor molecules that produce important products that include steroids, which have widespread effects on biological function and vitamin A which is vital to site

A

terpenes and terpenoids

signaling lipids

89
Q

What are steroids made from

A

are metabolic derivatives of terpenes

90
Q

Are steroids similar to phospholipids since they both are considered lipids

A

they are very different in structure and in function

91
Q

What is the structure of steroids

A

characterized by having four cycloalkane rings fused together: contain three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring

they have various oxidation state and functional groups may vary

92
Q

What is the steroid functionality determined by

A

steroid functionality is determined by the oxidation statues of these rings and the functional groups they carry

93
Q

Is a steroid polar or non-polar

A

steroids are non-polar

94
Q

What are steroids non-polar

A

steroids are non-polar because the large number of carbons and hydrogens that steroid are made from

95
Q

What is the difference between steroid and steroid hormones

A

steroids are defined as a group with a particular chemical structure

steroid hormones are steroids that act as hormones

96
Q

Where are steroid hormones secreted and where do they go

A

secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and then trail on protein carriers to distant sites where they bind to specific high-affinity receptors and alter gene expression levels and metabolism

97
Q

What types of receptors do steroid hormones bind to and what happens after binding occurs

A

bind to specific high-affinity receptors and alter gene expression and metabolism

98
Q

What are steroid hormones and what do they affect

A

potent biological signals that regulate gene expression and metabolism

affect a wide variety of biological systems even at low concentrations

99
Q

What are some important steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogens, cortisol, and aldosterone

100
Q

What type of lipids are testosterone, estrogens, cortisol, and aldosterone

A

signaling lipids that are classified as steroid hormones

101
Q

What types of organisms use steroids as a signaling molecule

A

animals and plants

102
Q

What level of concentration do steroid hormones have to be at to work

A

work at low concentrations

103
Q

What is cholesterol

A

a steroid

important to membrane fluidity and stability

serves as a precursor to a host of other molecules

104
Q

How is cholesterol important for the phospholipid bilayer

A

major component of a phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for mediating membrane fluidity

105
Q

Is cholesterol amphipathic

A

yes it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components

interactions of both the hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads allow cholesterol to maintain a relatively constant fluidity

106
Q

What happens to the membrane if temperatures increase and cholesterol is there

A

at high temperatures cholesterol keeps the membrane intact and prevents it from becoming too permeable

107
Q

What happens to the membrane if the temperature is lowered and cholesterol is there

A

at low temperatures cholesterol keeps the cell membrane from solidifying

108
Q

What is cholesterol a precursor for

A

steroid hormones
bile acids
vitamin D

109
Q

What is the precursor for steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D

A

cholesterol

110
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules that regulate cAMP levels (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

111
Q

Which part of the body do prostaglandins have a big effect on

A

smooth muscle contractions, body temperature, sleep-wake cycle, fever, and pain

112
Q

Where are prostaglandins produced in the body

A

produced by almost all cells in the body

113
Q

What molecules are prostaglandins derived from

A

20 carbon molecules that are unsaturated carboxylic acids derived from arachidonic acid and contain a 5 carbon ring

114
Q

What does cAMP stand for and what is its role

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate and it is an ubiquitous intracellular messenger

115
Q

What does cAMP mediate after being synthesized by prostaglandins

A

cAMP mediates the actions of many other hormones such as the downstream effect of smooth muscle function, influence of sleep-wake cycle, elevation of body temperature associated with fever and pain

116
Q

The down stream effect of ______ can lead to smooth muscle function, influence of sleep-wake cycle, elevation of body temperature associated with fever and pain

A

prostaglandins synthesizing cAMP

117
Q

What do non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs such as NSAID (like aspirin) do to the production of prostaglandins

A

aspirin can inhibit the enzyme cyclooxyrgenase COX which aids in the production of prostaglandins

118
Q

What is a vitamin

A

essential nutrient that cannot be adequately synthesized by the body so they have to be consumed in our diet

119
Q

What two categories can vitamins be split into

A

water soluble and lipid soluble

120
Q

What is an essential nutrient that cannot be adequately synthesized by the body so they must be consumed in the diet

A

vitamins

121
Q

Where are lipid soluble vitamins stored in the body

A

can accumulate in stored fat

122
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins stored in the body

A

are excreted through the urine

123
Q

Which vitamins are lipid soluble

A

A, D, E, and K

124
Q

What is the role of vitamin A

A

carotene

is metabolized to retinal for vision and retinoic acid for gene expression in epithelial development

125
Q

What is the role of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol

is metabolized to calcitriol in the kidneys and regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the intestines (by increasing calcium and phosphate absorption)

promotes bone formation
deficiency can lead to rickets

126
Q

What is the role of vitamin E

A

tocopherols

act as biological antioxidants

their aromatic rings destroy free radicals preventing oxidative damage

127
Q

What is the role of vitamin K

A

phylloquinone and menaquinones

important for the formation of prothrombin (clotting factor)

performs post translational modifications on a number of proteins creating calcium binding site

128
Q

What vitamin is important for the formation of prothrombin and performs post translational modifications on a number of proteins creating calcium binding site and has both

A

vitamin K

129
Q

What vitamin acts as biological antioxidants and their aromatic rings destroy free radicals preventing oxidative damage

A

vitamin E

130
Q

What vitamin is also called phylloquinone and menaquinones

A

vitamin K

131
Q

What vitamin is also called tocopherols

A

vitamin E

132
Q

What vitamin is also called cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D

133
Q

What vitamin is also called carotene

A

vitamin A

134
Q

What vitamin is metabolized to retinal for vision and retinoic acid for gene expression in epithelial development

A

vitamin A

135
Q

What vitamin is metabolized to calcitriol in the kidneys and regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the intestines (by increasing calcium and phosphate absorption) and promotes bone formation

A

vitamin D

136
Q

A deficiency in _____ can lead to rickets

A

vitamin D, is metabolized to calcitriol in the kidneys and regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the intestines (by increasing calcium and phosphate absorption) and promotes bone formation

137
Q

What is the preferred method of storing energy for long term use in the body

A

triacylglycerols also called triglycerides

138
Q

What are the two major reasons that lipids are the best way to store energy

A

carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced than those of sugars (contain numerous alcohol groups) so the oxidation of triacylglycerols yield twice the amount of energy per gram of carbohydrate, far more energy dense storage compared to polysaccharide

they are hydrophobic and do not draw in water so they do not require hydration for stability, helps decrease their weight

139
Q

Why are lipids beneficial for vertebrates living in colder temperatures

A

layer of lipid is energy storagee and insulation, it helps to retain body heat so less energy is required to maintain a constant internal temperature

penguins, polar bears

140
Q

What are triacylglycerols and triglycerides composed of

A

composed of one glycerol attached to three fatty acids by ester bonds

it is rare for all three fatty acids to be the same
they are normally varied

141
Q

What are adipocytes and where are they found

A

animal cells specifically used for storage of large triacylglycerol deposits

found primarily under the skin, around mammary glands, and in the abdominal cavity in animals

found in seeds as oils in plants

142
Q

What are free fatty acids

A

fatty acids that are unesterified fatty acids with a free carboxylate group

travel in the bloodstream while bound noncovalently to serum albumin

143
Q

What is saponification

A

ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide

traditionally the base was lye which is the common name for sodium or potassium hydroxide

basic cleavage of the fatty acid, leaving the sodium salt of the fatty acid and glycerol, the fatty acid salt is what is called soap

144
Q

What do soaps form

A

soaps act as surfactants forming micelles

145
Q

What do micelles dissolve and how

A

can dissolve a lipid-soluble molecule in its fatty acid core and washes away with water because of its shell of carboxylate head groups

soaps form micelles

146
Q

How do triacylglycerol deposits appear inside of cells

A

can be seen as oily droplets in the cytosol of cells

147
Q

Where do triacylglycerols travel in the body

A

travel bidirectionally in the bloodstream between the liver and adipose tissue

148
Q

What are the physical characteristics of triacylglycerols determined by

A

primarily determined by the saturation or unsaturation of the fatty acid chains that make them up

similar to phospholipids

149
Q

How are soaps produced

A

fatty acids make up soap and are produced through saponification

150
Q

What is a surfactant

A

lowers the surface tension at the surface of a liquid

serves as a detergent or emulsifier

151
Q

What is a colloid

A

if a soap was added to an oil and water mixture combined into a single form because of the soap

152
Q

What is the structure of a micelle

A

tiny aggregates of soap with the hydrophobic tails turned inward and the hydrophilic heads turned outward

the hydrophobic tails can be dissolved in the solution

shields the hydrophobic lipid tails and allow for overall solvation

153
Q

How do micelles help with vitamins

A

important in the body for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

154
Q

Why do fatty acids and bile salts secreted by the gallbladder form micelles

A

to increase surface area available for lipolytic enzymes

155
Q

How do some cleaning agents dissolve both water soluble and water insoluble messes at once

A

non polar compounds can dissolve the hydrophobic interior of the water soluble micelles therefore both water soluble and water insoluble solutions are cleaned

Biochemistry MCAT (7 decks)

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