Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the most direct source of chemical energy in almost all organisms

Answer 1

carbohydrates

used as energy from single celled protozoa to more complex organisms such as plants and animals

Question 2

What empirical formula defines carbohydrates

Answer 2

Cn (H2O)m for complex sugars and Cn(H2O)n for simple sugars

Question 3

The formula Cn(H2O)m defines and the formula Cn(H2O)n defines

Answer 3

carbohydrates

complex sugars

simple sugars only

Question 4

When simple sugars link together what molecule is loss

Answer 4

as simple sugars link to form complex sugars water loss occurs and the empirical formula changes to Cn(H2O)m instead of Cn(H2O)n

Question 5

How can carbohydrates be classified

Answer 5

by the number of sugar moieties

number of carbons in each sugar

functional groups present on the molecule

stereochemistry of the sugar

Question 6

What is the most basic structural unit of carbohydrates

Answer 6

monosaccharides

Question 7

The simplest monosaccharides are called ___ and contain how many carbon atoms

Answer 7

the simplest monosaccharides are called triodes and contain 3 carbon atoms

Question 8

Carbohydrates with four carbons are called

Answer 8

tetroses

Question 9

Carbohydrates with five carbons are called

Answer 9

pentoses

Question 10

Carbohydrates with six carbons are called

Answer 10

hexoses

Question 11

How many carbons are in triodes, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses

Answer 11

3,4,5,6

they are carbohydrates

Question 12

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group are called

Answer 12

aldoses

Question 13

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group are called

Answer 13

ketoses

Question 14

Aldoses are carbohydrates that

Answer 14

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group

Question 15

Ketoses are carbohydrates that

Answer 15

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group

Question 16

What are aldoses

Answer 16

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group

Question 17

What are ketoses

Answer 17

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group

Question 18

What would a six carbon sugar with an aldehyde group be called

Answer 18

aldohexose

Question 19

What would a five carbon sugar with a ketone group be called

Answer 19

ketopentose

Question 20

An aldohexose is _____

Answer 20

a six carbon sugar with an aldehyde group

carbohydrate

Question 21

A ketonpentose is ____

Answer 21

a five carbon sugar with a ketone group

carbohydrate

Question 22

A glyceraldehyde is

Answer 22

the simplest aldose specifically an aldotriose

it is a polyhydroxlated aldehyde aka aldehyde sugar

Question 23

What is a glycosidic linkage

Answer 23

sugars acting as substitutes via this linkage are called glycosyl residues

aldehyde can participate in this linkage at the C1 carbon

ketones can participate in this linkage at the C2 carbon

Question 24

What is the simplest ketone sugar

Answer 24

dihydroxyacetone

Question 25

What is dihydroxyacetone

Answer 25

simplest ketone sugar ketones can also participate in glycosidic bonds at the C2 carbon

Question 26

On a monosaccharide every carbon other than the carbonyl will

Answer 26

carry a hydroxyl group

Question 27

Draw D- fructose

Answer 27

``` CH2OH I C = O I OH - C - H H - C - OH H - C - OH I CH2OH ``` common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

Question 28

Draw D- glucose

Answer 28

``` CHO I H - C - OH OH - C - H H - C - OH H - C - OH I CH2OH ``` common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

Question 29

Draw D - galactose

Answer 29

``` CHO I H - C - OH OH - C - H OH - C - H H - C - OH I CH2OH ``` common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

Question 30

Draw D - mannose

Answer 30

``` CHO I OH - C - H OH - C - H H - C - OH H - C - OH I CH2OH ``` common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

Question 31

What are optical isomers also called

Answer 31

stereoisomers compounds that have the same chemical formula these molecules differ from one another in terms of the spatial arrangement of their component atoms

Question 32

What compounds that have the same chemical formula and these molecules differ from one another in terms of the spatial arrangement of their component atoms

Answer 32

stereoisomers also called optical isomers

Question 33

What are enantiomers

Answer 33

special type of isomerism between stereoisomers that are nonidentical, non superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 34

What is a chiral carbon

Answer 34

a carbon atom that has four different groups attached to it any molecule that contains chiral carbons and no internal planes of symmetry has an enantiomer

Question 35

Any molecule that has chiral carbons with ______ has an enantiomer

Answer 35

no internal planes of symmetry