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Biochemistry MCAT > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is the most direct source of chemical energy in almost all organisms

A

carbohydrates

used as energy from single celled protozoa to more complex organisms such as plants and animals

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2
Q

What empirical formula defines carbohydrates

A

Cn (H2O)m for complex sugars and Cn(H2O)n for simple sugars

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3
Q

The formula Cn(H2O)m defines and the formula Cn(H2O)n defines

A

carbohydrates

complex sugars

simple sugars only

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4
Q

When simple sugars link together what molecule is loss

A

as simple sugars link to form complex sugars water loss occurs and the empirical formula changes to Cn(H2O)m instead of Cn(H2O)n

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5
Q

How can carbohydrates be classified

A

by the number of sugar moieties

number of carbons in each sugar

functional groups present on the molecule

stereochemistry of the sugar

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6
Q

What is the most basic structural unit of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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7
Q

The simplest monosaccharides are called ___ and contain how many carbon atoms

A

the simplest monosaccharides are called triodes and contain 3 carbon atoms

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8
Q

Carbohydrates with four carbons are called

A

tetroses

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9
Q

Carbohydrates with five carbons are called

A

pentoses

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10
Q

Carbohydrates with six carbons are called

A

hexoses

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11
Q

How many carbons are in triodes, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses

A

3,4,5,6

they are carbohydrates

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12
Q

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group are called

A

aldoses

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13
Q

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group are called

A

ketoses

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14
Q

Aldoses are carbohydrates that

A

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group

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15
Q

Ketoses are carbohydrates that

A

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group

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16
Q

What are aldoses

A

Carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group as their most oxidized functional group

17
Q

What are ketoses

A

Carbohydrates that contain an ketone group as their most oxidized functional group

18
Q

What would a six carbon sugar with an aldehyde group be called

A

aldohexose

19
Q

What would a five carbon sugar with a ketone group be called

A

ketopentose

20
Q

An aldohexose is _____

A

a six carbon sugar with an aldehyde group

carbohydrate

21
Q

A ketonpentose is ____

A

a five carbon sugar with a ketone group

carbohydrate

22
Q

A glyceraldehyde is

A

the simplest aldose specifically an aldotriose

it is a polyhydroxlated aldehyde aka aldehyde sugar

23
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage

A

sugars acting as substitutes via this linkage are called glycosyl residues

aldehyde can participate in this linkage at the C1 carbon

ketones can participate in this linkage at the C2 carbon

24
Q

What is the simplest ketone sugar

A

dihydroxyacetone

25
Q

What is dihydroxyacetone

A

simplest ketone sugar

ketones can also participate in glycosidic bonds at the C2 carbon

26
Q

On a monosaccharide every carbon other than the carbonyl will

A

carry a hydroxyl group

27
Q

Draw D- fructose

A 
CH2OH 
          I 
         C = O 
          I 
OH - C - H
   H - C - OH 
   H - C - OH 
          I 
         CH2OH

common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

28
Q

Draw D- glucose

A 
CHO
          I 
   H - C - OH
OH - C - H
   H - C - OH 
   H - C - OH 
          I 
         CH2OH

common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

29
Q

Draw D - galactose

A 
CHO
         I 
   H - C - OH
OH - C - H
OH - C - H 
   H - C - OH 
          I 
         CH2OH

common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

30
Q

Draw D - mannose

A 
CHO
         I 
OH - C - H
OH - C - H
   H - C - OH 
   H - C - OH 
          I 
         CH2OH

common names used to test knowledge on the mcat

31
Q

What are optical isomers also called

A

stereoisomers

compounds that have the same chemical formula

these molecules differ from one another in terms of the spatial arrangement of their component atoms

32
Q

What compounds that have the same chemical formula and these molecules differ from one another in terms of the spatial arrangement of their component atoms

A

stereoisomers also called optical isomers

33
Q

What are enantiomers

A

special type of isomerism between stereoisomers that are nonidentical, non superimposable mirror images of each other

34
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

a carbon atom that has four different groups attached to it

any molecule that contains chiral carbons and no internal planes of symmetry has an enantiomer

35
Q

Any molecule that has chiral carbons with ______ has an enantiomer

A

no internal planes of symmetry

Biochemistry MCAT (7 decks)

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