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Biochemistry > Lipid Structure and Function > Flashcards

Lipid Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Amphipatic Molecule

A

molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions

ie. lipids

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2
Q

When placed in aqueous solutions, lipids form structures that all the ______ regions to group internally while the _______ regions interact with water.

A

hydrophobic

hydrophillic

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

phosphate and a alcohol containing a polar head group and hydrophobic fatty acid tail connected via phosphodiester linkage

clasified according to backbone of the molecule

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4
Q

Glycerol

A

three carbon alcohol that forms:

phosphoglycerides
glycerophospholipids

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5
Q

NOT all sphingolipids are ________

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

______ and _____ determine how an overall molecule will behave.

A

Saturation and Length

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7
Q

Fully Saturated Fatty Acid

A

only single bonds, no pi bonds (double bonds)

have greater van der Waals Forces and stable overall structure meaning they are solids at room temp (think butter)

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8
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

includes one or more double bonds which intrudce kinks making it hard to stack/solidify making them liquids at room temp (oils)

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9
Q

Phospholipids with _____ fatty acids are more fluid regions of the phospholipid bilayer.

A

unsaturated

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10
Q

Glycerophospholipids/Phosphoglycerides

A

phospholipids with a glycerol backbone bonded to two fatty acids via ESTER linkage and phosphodiester linkage to a polar head group

named according to head group (can be + neutral or - charged)

within each subtype, FA chain length and saturation can vary

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11
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A

phosphoglyceride with a choline head group

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12
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

phosphoglyceride with a ethanolamine head group

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13
Q

Sphingolipids

A

ABO blood typing determined by cell surface antigens which are sphingolipids

sphingosine backbone with long chain non polar fatty acid tails and polar head groups

can be phospholipid if they contain a phosphodiester bond

others have glycosidic linkages to sugar instead of phosphodiester linkages

4 Classes:

  • Ceramide
  • Sphingomyelins
  • Glycolipids
  • Gangliosides
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14
Q

Glycolipid

A

any lipid linked to a sugar via glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

Ceramide

A

simplest sphingolipid

single H as its head group

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16
Q

Sphingomyelins

A

major class of sphingolipids that are also phospholipids

either have phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as head groups meaning they have a phosphodiester bond

no net charge head groups

major component of cell membrane for cells producing myelin (Schawn and Oligodendrocytes)

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17
Q

Glycosphingolipids/Glycolipids

A

have head groups composed of sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages ; no net charge

no phosphodiester linkage so they aren;t phospholipids

on outer surface of the plasma membrane and can be further classified as cerebrosides or globosides

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18
Q

Cerebrosides

A

glycolipids with single sugar

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19
Q

Globosides

A

glycolipids with two or more sugars

20
Q

Gangliosides

A

most complex sphingolipids

polar head groups made of oligosaccahrides with one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) molecules at terminus and a negative charge

considered glycolipids with glycosidic linkages

cell interaction, recognition and signal transduction

21
Q

Waxes

A

esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols

solids at room temp

protection for animals (prevent dehydration/lubrication) and plants (also help with excessive evap)

22
Q

Lipids serve the following roles:

A

structure, cellular signaling, coenzymes and energy storage

23
Q

Terpenes

A

metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

built from isoprene (C5H8) moieties with structural pattern of carbons grouped in multiples of 5

scented for protection for insects/plants

24
Q

Monoterpenes

A

two isoprene units, abundant in oils and terpentine

25
Q

Sesquiterpenes

A

three isoprene units

26
Q

Diterpenes

A

four isoprene units where Vitamin A is one of them

27
Q

Triterpenes

A

six isoprene units -> becomes various steroids and cholesterols

28
Q

Tetraterpenes

A

8 isoprene units -> B carotene and lutein (Carotenids)

29
Q

Terpenoids/Isoprenoids

A

derivatives of terpenes that have undergone oxygenation/rearrangement of carbon skeleton

modified by functional groups

precursor molecule like Terpenes to feed into pathways to produce steroids and influence biological function

30
Q

Steroids

A

metabolic derivatives of terpenes with the following structure:

4 cycloalkane rings fused together: 3 cyclohexanes and one cyclopentane

functionality is determined by the oxidation status of these rings and functional groups

nonpolar due to large number of carbons and hydrogens

31
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

steroids that act as hormones that are secreted by endocrine glands and travel on protein carriers to bind to receptors

biological signals capable of regulating metabolism and gene expression

32
Q

Cholesterol

A

steroid

component of phospholipid bilayer that mediates membrane fluidity

amphipathic molecule that has constant fluidity in the membrane

Low temps: keeps membrane from solidifying
High Temps: keeps membrane from being too permeable

precursor to many molecules

33
Q

Prostaglandins

A

20 carbon unsaturated carboxylic acids from arachidonic acid and contain a five carbon ring

paracrine/autocrine signaling molecule

regulate cAMP synthesis which impacts other hormone actions

effect smooth muscle function, influence over sleep cycle and elevation of body temp during fever

34
Q

Vitamin

A

essential nutrient unable to be synthesized by the body

35
Q

Vitamin A

A

Lipid soluble

carotene, unsaturated hydrocarbon for vision, growth and immune function

aldehyde form retinol is important for light sensiing part of human eye

stored as Retinol, oxidized to retinoic acid to regulate gene expression

36
Q

Vitamin D

A

lipid soluble

cholecalciferol, UV reaction in the skin

Vitamin D gets convereted to calcitrol (active form) in liver/kidneys to increase calcium ad phosphate uptake to promote bone production

lack causes rickets, curved bones and impeded growth

37
Q

Vitamin E

A

lipid soluble

tocopherols and tocotrenols

aromatic ring with a long isoprenoid side chain and are hydrophobic

biological antioxidants that destroy free radicals to prevent oxidative damage

38
Q

Vitamin K

A

lipid soluble

phylloquinone and menaquinones

vital for posttranslational modificatiions required to form prothrombin as clotting factor in blood

introduces calcium binding sites on calcium binding proteins

39
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

class of lipids used for energy storage

three fatty acids bonded by esterlinkages to glycerol (usually different FAs)

non polar and hydrophobic

polarity is decreased as the polar hydroxyl groups and carboxylates of fatty acids are bonded together

travel between liver and adipose tissue

characteristics dependent on the saturation of FA chains

40
Q

Why are lipids good for storage?

A

carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced than sugars which have numberous alcohol groups which means they yield twice as much energy (more energy dense)

hydrophobic to decrease weight and need for hydration

41
Q

Adipocytes

A

special cells which store fats and found under skin, abdominal cavity and mammary glands

42
Q

Free Fatty Acids

A

unesterified fatty acids with free carboxylate group

circulate in blood noncovalently bonded to albumin

43
Q

Saponification

A

ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using strong base (lye aka sodium or potassium hydroxide)

sodium slat of fatty acid and glycerol left is the soap

44
Q

Surfactant

A

lowers surface tension of the surface of a liquid making it a detergent/emulsifier

45
Q

Colloid

A

formed when aqueous solution and oil mix (usually due to introduction of soap)

46
Q

Micelles

A

tiny aggregates of soap with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophillic heads outward which allows for solvation (reason why colloids are made)

nonpolar compounds dissolve in hydrophobic interior of ater solluble micelle, meaning cleaning agent can dissolve both water soluble and water insoluble messes and wash them away

important for absorption of fat soluble vitamins and complex lipids like lecithins

can increase SA for lipolytic enzymes.

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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