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Biochemistry > Carbohydrate Structure and Function > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

basic structure of carbohydrates

3 C = triose
4 C = tetrose
5C = pentoses
6 C = hexoses

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2
Q

Aldoses/Ketoses

A

carbohydrates with aldehydes and ketones respectively

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3
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

simple sugar aldose

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4
Q

Numbering Carbons of Carbs

A

most oxidized carbon is labeled C-1

like orgo

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5
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A

aldehyde carbon participates in these where sugars act as substituents

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6
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

simplest Ketose

carbonyl carbon is most oxidized

for msot ketones, the Ketone C is C-2

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7
Q

D-Fructose

A

2 CH2OH terminals

OH position
left
right
right

6 Carbons

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8
Q

D- Glucose

A

OH position

right
left
right
right

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9
Q

D-Galactose

A

OH position

right
left
left
right

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10
Q

D-Manose

A

OH position

left
left
right
right

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11
Q

Sterioisomers

A

optical isomers

have same chemical formula but differ in spatial arrangement

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12
Q

Enantiomers

A

non identical, non superimposable and non symmetry

mirror images (flip)

contain chiral carbons

same sugar different optical families

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13
Q

D and L carbs are _____ of each other

A

mirror images

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14
Q

Number of Stereoisomers With Common Backbone

A

=2^n

n = number of chiral carbons

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15
Q

Dvs L

A

D is positive roation
L is negative rotation

all detemined experimentally

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16
Q

All D-Sugars have the hydroxide of highest numbered chiral center on the _____ and all L sugars have the hydroxide on the ____. Every chiral center in D has the _____ of the L.

A

right

left

opposite

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17
Q

Diastereomers

A

two sugars that are in same family (aldose or ketonse) that are not identical or mirror images

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18
Q

Epimers

A

subtype of diasteriomers that differ only at one chiral center

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19
Q

Because monosacharides contain both a nucelophilic hydroxyl and electrophilic carboxyl, they can form cyclic ____ and _____.

Only six membered ____ or five membered _____ rings can do it due to ring strain.

The carbonyl carbon becomes ____ and is refered as the ____ carbon.

A

hemiacetals

hemiketals

furanose

pyranose

chiral

anomeric

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20
Q

Anomers

A

the anomeric carbon when acetal formation occurs can be either B or alpha

alpha - OH of C1 is trans and CH2OH is axial down

beta - OH of C1 is cis and CH2OH is equatorial up

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21
Q

When converting monosaccharide from fisher to Haworth, anything on the _____ of the fisher will be facing down

A

right

22
Q

Exposing hemiacteal rings to water will cause them to spontaneously cycle between….this is known as _____ as it can change from alpha and beta anomer.

Happens more rapidly with presence of ____

A

closed and unclosed

mutarotation

acid

23
Q

In solution, the ______ configuration is less favored because the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon is axial causing strain

A

axial

24
Q

Monosaccharides contain _____ and ______ and do reactions like ____ and _____, ____ and )))))) .

A

alchols

aldehydes/ketones

oxidation and reduction

esteridication

nucelophilic attack

25
Q

Oxidized aldoes occur when hemiacetal rings spend time in _______ form and have the aldehyde oxidized to a _____. They are called ____

Becauses aldoses can be oxidized, they are regarded as _____

A

open chain aldehyde

carboxylic acid

aldonic acids

reducing agents

26
Q

Any sugar with a hemiacetal ring is considered a _______

A

reducing sugar

27
Q

Lactone

A

alsose in ring form that is oidized

a cyclic ester with a carbonyl group on the anomeric carbon

28
Q

Tollens Reagent

A

uses Ag(NH3)2+ as oxidizing agent to detet reducing sugars

Ag+ goes to metallic sugar

29
Q

Benedicts Reagent

A

aldehyde of aldose is oxidized dictated by precipitate of Cu2O red

30
Q

Although Ketones cannot be oxidized to carboxylic acids, they can _____ to form ______ in basic conditions to test positive on Tollen and Benedict tests. They are therefore _______

A

tautemerize

aldolases

reducing sugars

31
Q

Tautomerization

A

rearrangement of bonds by moving hydrogen and forming a double bond

for ketones, the group picks up a Hydrogen, carbons between adjacent carbons and an enol is formed

32
Q

Alditol

A

aldehyde of an aldose is reduced to an alcohol

33
Q

Deoxysugar

A

contains a H that replaces a hydroxyl group on the sugar

D-2-deoxyribose in DNA

34
Q

Because carbohydrates have ______ they can react with carboxylic acids/derivatives to form _____

This can be seen in phosphrylation of glucose where a _______ is formed

A

hydroxyl groups

esters

phosphate ester

thing glucose phosphoryltaion

35
Q

Heiacetls react with alcohols to form _____. The anomeric hydroxyl group is turned into an _______. THe c-o bonds are called ____ and the acetals are called ______.

THis formation is a ____ reaction requiring _____.

A

acetals

alkoxy

glycosidic bonds

glycosides

dehydration

hydrolysis

36
Q

Disaccharides and polysaccharides form as a result of _____ between monosacahrides

A

glycosidic bonds

37
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

carbohydrates with atleast two sugar molecules linked together

38
Q

Disacharides

A

monosacharides react with alcohols to form acetals,

glycosidic bond occurs between hydroxyl groups of two monosaccharids

39
Q

2 Glucose Alpha 1-4 glcosidic Bond Molecule

A

Maltose

40
Q

2 Glucose B 1-4 Glycosidic Linkagee

A

Cellobiose

41
Q

Important Disacharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

42
Q

Homopolysaccharide

A

polysaccahride made up of only one type of monosacharide

43
Q

Heteropolysaccharide

A

polysaccharide made up of multilple types of monosacahrides

44
Q

Most important polysaccharides

A

cellulose
starch
glycogen

45
Q

Because glycosidic bonding can occur at multiple hydroxyl groups in a monosaccharide, polymer formation can be ______ or _____

A

linear

branched

46
Q

Cellulose

A

main structure of plants

homopolysaccharide B D glucose with B1-4 linkages and H bonds for support

we cannot digest as we lack cellulase

47
Q

Starches

A

alpha D glucose monomers

alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages for amylose
alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds amylopectin

48
Q

B Amylase

A

cleaves amylose at the nonreducing end of the polymer to make maltose

49
Q

A AMylase

A

cleaves randomly around amylose to making maltose and glucose

50
Q

Glycogen

A

alpha 1-6 linkages every 10

similar to startch but for animals

highly branched

branching makes it more soluble and stored and allows for glycogen to be cleaved by glycogen phosphorylase

51
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

cleaves glycose from nonreducing end of glycogen branch and phosphorylates it to Glucose 1 P

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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