Lipid Structure and Function

Question 1

lipids

Answer 1

class characterized by insolubility in water and solubility in nonpolar organic solvents

Question 2

amphipathic

Answer 2

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 3

phospholipids

Answer 3

contain a phosphate and alcohol that comprise the polar head, joined to a hydrophobic fatty acid tail by phosphodiester linkages

Question 4

saturated fatty acids

Answer 4

only have single bonds; mores stable; form solids at room temp

Question 5

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 5

includes one or more double bonds; liquids at room temp;

Question 6

glycerophospholipids aka phosphoglycerides

Answer 6

phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to two fatty acids and a phosphodiester linkage to a highly polar head group

Question 7

sphingolipids

Answer 7

have a sphingosine backbone; long chain, nonpolar fatty acid tail and polar head groups; divided into four major subclasses, differing by head group

Question 8

ceramide

Answer 8

simplest sphingolipid, has a single hydrogen atom as its head

Question 9

sphingomyelins

Answer 9

are also phospholipids; have either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as head group; no net charge on head group

Question 10

glycosphingolipids

Answer 10

head groups composed of sugars;

cerebrosides: single sugar
globosides: multiple sugars

Question 11

gangliosides

Answer 11

glycolipids that have polar head groups composed of oligosaccharides with one or more NANA molecules

Question 12

waxes

Answer 12

esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols

Question 13

terpenes

Answer 13

class of lipids built from isoprene; share a common structural pattern with carbons grouped in multiples of 5

Question 14

monoterpenes

Answer 14

contain two isoprene units

Question 15

sesquiterpenes

Answer 15

contain three isoprene units

Question 16

diterpenes

Answer 16

contain four isoprene units

Question 17

triterpenes

Answer 17

six isoprene nits

Question 18

tetraterpenes

Answer 18

eight isoprene nits; include carotenoids

Question 19

steroids

Answer 19

metabolic derivatives of terpenes; four cycloalkane rings fused together

Question 20

steroid hormones

Answer 20

steroids that act as hormones; regulate gene expression and metabolism

Question 21

cholesterol

Answer 21

steroids that is a major component of the phospholipid bilayer; has importance in mediating membrane fluidity

Question 22

prostoglandins

Answer 22

unsaturated carboxylic acids derived from arachidonic acid; contain one 5-carbon ring; regulates camp

Question 23

vitamin

Answer 23

essential nutrient that must be consumed in the diet

Question 24

vitamin A aka carotene

Answer 24

unsaturated hydrocarbon thats important in vision, growth and development and immune function

Question 25

retinal, retinol, retinoic acid

Answer 25

retinal- component of light-sensing molecular system in the eye
retinol- storage form of vitamin A
retinoic acid- hormone that regulates gene expression during epithelial development

Question 26

vitamin D aka cholecalciferol

Answer 26

can be consumed or formed by UV-light driven reaction in the skin; increases calcium and phosphate uptake in the intestines, which promotes bone production

Question 27

rickets

Answer 27

condition caused by lack of vitamin D that results in impeded growth and curved long bones

Question 28

vitamin E aka tocopherols and tocotrienols

Answer 28

substituted aromatic ring with a long isoprenoid side chain; antioxidants; destroys free radicals

Question 29

vitamin K including phylloquinone and menaquinones

Answer 29

vital to form prothrombin, important clotting factor

Question 30

triacylglycerols

Answer 30

composed of three fatty acids bonded by ester linkages to glycerol; non polar and hydrophobic

Question 31

adipocytes

Answer 31

store fat

Question 32

saponification

Answer 32

ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base

Question 33

surfactant

Answer 33

lowers surface tension

Question 34

micelles

Answer 34

tiny aggregates of soap with they hydrophobic tails turned inward and the heads turned outward