Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Question 1

monosaccharide

Answer 1

basic structural unit of carb

Question 2

triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose

Answer 2

monosaccharides with 3, 4, 5, and 6 carbons

Question 3

aldoses

Answer 3

carbs that contain aldehyde group as most oxidized functional group

Question 4

ketose

Answer 4

carbs that contain ketone group as most oxidized functional group

Question 5

anomer

Answer 5

differ in configuration at anomeric carbon

Question 6

alpha anomer

Answer 6

has -OH axial and down

Question 7

beta anomer

Answer 7

has -OH equatorial and up

Question 8

mutarotation

Answer 8

spontaneous cycling between alpha and beta anomers when exposed to water or acid/base

Question 9

aldonic acids

Answer 9

straight chain aldoses that have been oxidized

Question 10

reducing sugar

Answer 10

any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring

Question 11

lactone

Answer 11

cyclic aldose that has been oxidized

Question 12

Tollen’s reagent

Answer 12

(Ag(NH3)2)+; reduced to produce a silvery mirror when aldehydes are present

Question 13

Benedict’s reagent

Answer 13

Cu(OH)2; results in a red precipitate when aldehyde is present

Question 14

tautomerization

Answer 14

rearrangement o fonds in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen to form a double bond

Question 15

enol

Answer 15

compound with a double bond and an alcohol group

Question 16

alditol

Answer 16

when the aldehyde of an aldose is reduced to an alcohol

Question 17

deoxy sugar

Answer 17

contains a hydrogen that replaces a hydroxyl group on the sugar

Question 18

acetals

Answer 18

hemiacetals react with alcohol to form this

Question 19

disaccharide

Answer 19

to monosaccharides linked with glycosidic bonds between their hydroxyl groups

Question 20

polysaccharide

Answer 20

long chains of monosaccharides linked with glycosidic bonds

Question 21

cellulose

Answer 21

main structural component of plants; chain of beta d-glucose molecules linked by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 22

starch

Answer 22

polysaccharides that are linked by alpha d-glucose monomers

Question 23

amylose

Answer 23

linear glucose polymer linked by alpha-1,4 bonds

Question 24

amylopectin

Answer 24

has alpha-1,4 bonds as well as 1,6

Question 25

beta- and alpha-amylase

Answer 25

beta amylase cleaves amylose at the nonreducing end (end with the acetal) while alpha cleaves randomly

Question 26

glycogen

Answer 26

similar to starch but has more 1,6 bonds; highly branched

Question 27

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 27

functions by cleaving glucose from the nonreducing end of a glycogen branch and phosphorylating it, producing glucose-1-phosphate