Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HMBP Week 2 > Lipid Nomenclaure > Flashcards

Lipid Nomenclaure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 functions of lipids?

A
  1. components of cell membranes
  2. concentrated energy stores
  3. vitamins
  4. hormones
  5. intracellular messengers
  • lipids are energy source when glucose stores aren’t available
  • vitamin D is a lipid derived from cholesterol
  • steroid hormones are lipids derived from cholesterol
  • can act as inflammatory response: many anti-inflammatory drugs target lipid metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the chemical properties of lipids? hydrophobic or philic?

A

generally non-polar and aren’t miscible with water and have low solubility in water

the exception is amphipathic lipids which are polar (ex. phospholipids in cell membranes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what’s the structure of amphipathic lipids?

A
  • glycerol backbone
  • polar group: phosphate attached to alcohol
  • two fatty acid chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what shape does a group of triglycerides take?

A

fat reserves in the form of neutral triglycerides can form as droplets in the adipose cells

these hydrophobic droplets are ideal for energy storage and are used in times of metabolic demand when glucose and glycogen stores are depleted

triglycerides have 3 FA chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are liposomes?

A

when a phospholipid bilayer forms a circle

useful for extended release drug delivery because you can put polar drugs in the middle and non polar stuff in the bilayer and then the liposome merges with the cell membrane of a cell and releases the drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what shape do amphipathic lipids with single hydrocarbon FA chains prefer?

A

micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the common characteristics of fatty acid structure?

A
  1. carboxyl group at one end (COO-)
  2. methyl group at the other end (CH3)
  3. hydrocarbon chain in the middle that can be saturated or not (n=0-24)

CH3(CH2)nCOO-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when does the carboxyl group of a FA ionize?

A

pH=7 (pK = 5)

COO- at physiological pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two ways to name FA?

A
  1. systemic names

2. common names (on food labels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are systematic names of FA?

A

based on the number of carbons in the chain length

use Greek prefixes

ex. n-dodecAnoate = 12 carbons
ex. n-tetradecAnoate = 14 carbons
ex. n-hexadecAnoate = 16 carbons
ex. n-octadecAnoate = 18 carbons

the capitalized A in -anoate indicates a saturated FA without double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what nomenclature indicates a saturated FA?

A

the a in -anoate

ex. dodecanoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s the common name for n-octadecanoate?

A

stearate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what’s the common name for n-tetradecanoate?

A

myristate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what’s the common name for n-hexadecanoate?

A

palmitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are unsaturated FA? what are they called?

A

unsatured FA has at least 1 double bond in the hydrocarbon chain so the chain is no longer saturated with hydrogen bonds

unsaturated FA are called mono (1 double bond) or poly (2-6 double bonds) unsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the nomenclature for unsaturated FA?

A

-enoate

a prefix before the -enoate indicates the number of double bonds (di, tri, etc.)

ex. hexadecenoate = 16 carbon with 1 double bond
ex. hexadecadienoate = 16 carbon with 2 double bonds

17
Q

what is C1 in a FA?

A

carboxyl carbon (COO-) is C1

18
Q

what are C2 and C3 in FA?

A

the carbon next to C1 moving towards the methyl CH3 carbon is C2 = alpha carbon

C3 is the next carbon over and is called the beta carbon

19
Q

what is the methyl carbon in FA called?

A

omega carbon

for FA that have an omega in the name, the carbon counting starts from the methyl (omega) carbon instead of the carboxyl carbon

20
Q

how do you express the positions of double bonds?

A

OLD WAY:
Δx where x indicates the first carbon of the double bond counting from C1 (carboxyl end

ωx where x indicates the first carbon of the double bond counting from the omega end

CURRENT WAY:
A:B(x,y,z) where A is the chain length, B is the number of double bonds and x,y,z is the positions of double bonds from carboxyl end

A:B(ω,w,z,y) where ω,w,z,y is the positions of double bonds from methyl end

21
Q

what are the various nomenclatures for octadecadienoate? (aka linoleate)

A

cis-Δ9,12-octadecadienoate

cis-ω6,9-octadecadienoate

18: 2(9,12)
18: 2(ω6,9)

22
Q

which FA are common in the diet and in FA metabolism in mammals?

A

myristate 14:0

palmitate 16:0

pamitoleate 16:1(9) or ω7

stearate 18:0

oleate 18:1(9) or (ω9)

linoleate 18:2(9,12) or (ω6,9)

linolenate 18:3(9,12,15) or (ω3,6,9)

arachidonate 20:4(5,8,11,14) or (ω6,9,12,15)

23
Q

do saturated or unsaturated FA have higher melting temperatures?

A

saturated FA have higher Tm because they pack better than FA with double bonds that cause kinks in the packing

24
Q

which numbers of FA are solid at room temperature and body temperature?

A

FA with 14-18 carbons are solid at room temperature and body temperature

once you add double bonds the melting points decrease a ton!

food manufacturers have trouble making fats like margarine or butter spreads from polyunsaturated FAs such that they saty as solids at room temperature

25
Q

what is partial hydrogenation?

A

saturating double bonds in unsaturated FA

that makes them more solid but changes these fats into very unhealthy food ingredients

26
Q

what’s the usual conformation of double bonds in unsaturated FA? what does this cause? how can you switch between the cis and trans forms?

A

cis

cis conformation causes hydrocarbon chains to become kinked and shortened so they behave in a more fluid manner = lower melting points

trans conformations have a much higher melting point and their properties are more like saturated FA

the change from cis to trans can happen during hydrogenation

27
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

heat + catalyst + unsaturated FA can cause changes in the nature of the double bond and reconfigure it to a trans bond increasing the Tm and conferring properties of a saturated FA

28
Q

what’s the problem with trans FA?

A

they negatively affect serum lipid levels, FA metabolism and endothelial function

trans FA increase mortality, coronary heart disease mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence

29
Q

which FA are actually though to be cardioprotective?

A

omega-3 FAs

EPA and DHA are two FA in omega-3 fish oil supplements that are very long chain FA with lots of double bonds and they’re not harmful with respect to heart disease! people actually think they help

  • decrease blood triglycerides
  • decrease platelet adhesion = less strokes
  • increase nitric oxide = blood vessel dilation
  • decrease ischemic myocardial damage/inflammation
  • decrease restenosis after angioplasty (high doses)

HMBP Week 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions