Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AU 15 - Pharmacology Exam 3 > Lipid lowering drugs, Drugs to treat Diabetes > Flashcards

Lipid lowering drugs, Drugs to treat Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in plaque formation and growth?

A

1) Cholesterol particles infiltrate the wall of the artery at the site of the damaged inner lining of the artery
2) Plaque develops in the artery
3) As more cholesterol and materials are incorporated into the plaque, the plaque grows
4) The plaque may continue to grow blocking blood flow through the artery or
5) The plaque may rupture and blood clots may form, completely blocking blood flow through the artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are “bad cholesterols”?

A

LDL - stores cholesterol in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are “good cholesterols”?

A

HDL - regulates LDL storage and promotes excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What contributes to plaque buildup?

A

LDLs
Triglycerides
Inflammatory component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some mechanical procedures to treat plaque buildup in the circulatory system?

A

Balloon angioplasty to treat blocked coronary artery
Stent placement in carotid artery
High pressure jetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

High cholesterol

An imbalance of lipids circulating in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are drugs used to treat dyslipidemia?

A 
Derivatives of fibric acid
Nicotinic acid
Bile Acid sequestrants
Inhibitors oh HMG CoA Reductase
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do fibric acids do?

A

Increase peripheral lipolysis

Decrease hepatic triglyceride production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are side effects of fibric acid derivatives?

A 
Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea
Nausea
Blurred vision
Increased risk of gallstones
Prolonged prothrombin time
Liver studies may show increased function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two mechanisms of action for Nicotinic acid?

A

1) Agonist for GPR 109A and 109B receptors

2) Inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the result of using Nicotinic acid?

A

Increase HDL-particles

Decrease Triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the side effects of nicotinic acid?

A

Flushing (due to histamine release)
Pruritis (itching)
GI distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to cholesterol in the liver?

A

It is converted to bile acid, which is excreted to the intestine through the action of C7H
By preventing bile acid resorption, the sequestrants increase cholesterol metabolism to bile acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the major actions of bile acid sequestrants?

A

Reduce LDL-C 15-30%
Increase HDL-C 3-5%
May increase TG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the major side effects of Bile acid sequestrants?

A

GI distress/constipation

Decreased absorption of other drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inhibitors of HMG CoA Reuctase

A

HMG-CoA reductase is an enzyme along the pathway of cholesterol synthesis
By inhibiting it, it prevents the synthesis of cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitor) lowers cholesterol, but do they help people live longer?

A

The current prevailing opinion is that they are helpful for people at risk of having a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NPC1L1

A

A transport protein moving cholesterol from the lumen into the enterocyte and ultimately back into the blood
Blocked by Ezetimbie (Cholesterol Absorption inhibitor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do Cholesterol Absorption inhibitors do?

A

Inhibit absorption of both dietary and biliary cholesterol

Lower LDL formation - increases expression of hepatic LDL receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mechanism of Cholesterol Absorption inhibitors?

A

Inhibit LDL formation by increasing hepatic LDL receptors and taking it up to be secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are adverse effects of Cholesterol Absorption inhibitors?

A

Mild abdominal pain and diarrhea

22
Q

What is a major complication of diabetes that WE care about (hint, hint)

A

Dental disease

23
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage
(glucose –> glycogen)

24
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The reverse process to glycogenesis
The breakdown of glycogen to Glucose-6-Phosphate and glycogen
(glycogen –> glucose)

25
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate
One of the two main mechanisms used to maintain blood-glucose levels
(Carbon substrates –> glucose)

26
Q

What are the principal hormones regulating blood sugar levels?

A

Glucagon

Insulin

27
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

alpha cells

28
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

beta cells

29
Q

A1C test

A

Measures glycation of hemoglobin

It provides a window into the average blood sugar of an individual over a period of months

30
Q

What are the ranges of A1c test scores

A

Excellent = 4-6
Good = 7-8
Action suggested = 9-14

31
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A 
Glucose uptake
Glycolysis
Glycogen syntesis
Protein synthesis
Uptake of Ions
Stop gluconeogenesis
Stop glucogenolysis
Stop liposysis
Stop ketogenesis
Stop proteolysis
32
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Not enough insulin, so cells can’t absorb glucose

33
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Cells do not respond to insulin, so cells can’t absorb glucose

34
Q

What drugs can be used to treat diabetes?

A 
Insulin
Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides
Drugs working on GLP-1 receptors
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones
a-glucosidase inhibitors
35
Q

Secretagogues

A

A K+ channel that regulates insulin release from pancreatic B cells by sensing ATP/ADP

36
Q

What happens to secretagogues when ATP/ADP is low (fasting)

A

The channel opens, the cell hyperpolarizes, L-type Ca channels close, and insulin is not secreted

37
Q

What happens to secretagogues when ATP/ADP is high (after a meal)

A

Channel is closed, cell depolarizes, L-type Ca channels open, and insulin is secreted

38
Q

What drugs affect the secretagogues process?

A

Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides
Drugs working on GLP-1 receptors

39
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Have a duration of 12-24 hours

Used to generally beat down glucose levels

40
Q

Sulfonylureas mechanism

A

Sulfonylureas binds to an ATP/ADP regulated K channel complex, reducing the efflux of K ions, leading to the channel to close, depolarizing the membrane, leading to an influx of Ca and secretion of insulin

41
Q

Meglitinides

A

More rapid onset of action and shorter duration than sulfonylureas
Used before meals
Hypoglycemia is a concern if drug is taken and person doesn’t eat

42
Q

Meglitinides mechanism

A

Very similar to Sulfonylureas
Binds to a ATP/ADP regulated K channel complex, reducing the efflux of K ions, leading to the channel to close, depolarizing the membrane, leading to an influx of Ca and secretion of insulin

43
Q

GLP-1 receptor

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) act at the GLP-1 receptor on B cells and stimulate insulin release

44
Q

Metformin (Biguinide)

A

A first-line medication used for treatment of type 2 diabetes in conjunction with diet, exercise, and weight loss
Does no stimulate insulin secretion, but is insulin ‘sparing’
Usually not accompanied by hypoglycemia

45
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

Decrease hepatic glucose produciton through a mild inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex
Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose

46
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

Decrease insulin resistance

Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPAR-y)

47
Q

Insulin resistance

A

Pathological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of insulin

48
Q

What happens when the body produces insulin under the condition insulin resistance?

A

The cells in the body are unable to use it efficiently, leading to high blood sugar

49
Q

PPAR-y

A

Regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism

The genes activated by PPAR-y stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells

50
Q

What do PPAR-y agonist do?

A

Diminish insulin resistance

51
Q

a-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Act by inhibiting the digestion of glucose

Delay digestion and absorption of carbs in the GI tract

52
Q

a-glucosidase

A

Breaks down starch and disaccharides to glucose

AU 15 - Pharmacology Exam 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions