Lipid function Flashcards
What is an ether lipid
An ether lipid is a type of phospholid whose sn-1 fatty acid linkage is an ether instead of an ester linkage
What are the subgroups of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingophospholipids
What is the difference between the subgroups of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids have glycerol as a “backbone”
Sphingophospholipids have Sphingosine instead
Give an example of an ether linked alkene and alkane phospholipid
Plasmalogen and Platelet activating factor
Note the structure in the Lipid Structure slides
Ether linked lipids
What are the polarlipids
Sphingolipids
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
What is the most common example of an eicosanoid
Prostaglandins
What are the types of non polar lipids
Triacylglycerol
Cholesteryl esters
What makes a lipid saponifiable
When its able to be hydrolysed by an alkaline
Non saponifiable lipids are not subject to hydrolysis
Give four examples of Saponifiable lipids
Triacylglycerol
Sphingolipids
Phospholipids
Waxes
Give two examples of non-saponifiable lipids
Steroids
Prostaglandins
What are the most abundant Phospholipids
Phosphotidylcholine
Phosphotidylethanolamine
Phosphotidylserine
Phosphotidylcholine is also referred to as ____\___
Lecithin
Which of these abundant phospholipids have a charge of -1 at physiological ph
Phosphotidylserine
Which of the abundant phospholipids exista as zwitterions at physiological temperature
Phosphotidylcholine
Phosphotidylethanolamine
______ are acidic phospholid becacause _____
Expecting 4 phospholipids and their charges
Phosphotidylserine, Phosphotidylinositol and phosphotidylglycerol are acidic phospholid because they have a charge of -1 at physiologic ph
Cardiolipin also because it has a charge of -2
What type of fatty acids are usually found at sn-1, sn-2 of Phospholipids (glycerophospholipids)
At sn-1 saturated fatty acids
At sn-2 unsaturated sn-
What is the usual structure of phosphotidylcholine
Palmatic or stearic acid at sn-1
and a unsaturated 18 carbon fatty acid, like oleic, linoleic or linolenic
What is the therapy for a low lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio and examples
Administration of steroids
Example Dexamethasone and Corticosteroids
Phosphoethanolamine is also referred to as _____
Cephalin
WHat is the structure of phosphotidylethananoalmine
Sn-1 : Palmatic acid or stearic acid
Sn-2 : a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, like Arachidonic acid or linoleic acid
Note PE is similar to PC at sn-1
What is the structure of phosphotidylinositol
Stearic acid at sn-1
Arachidonic acid at Sn-2
Where can cardiolipin found
Cardiolipin can be found in the mitochondrion
What phospholipid is crucial for lung function due its presence in surfuctant
Dipalmoyl lecithin
Not Lecithin is the other name for phosphotidylcholine
Hence Dipalmoyllecithin can also be called Dipalmoylphosphocholine
A researcher is analyzing a phospholipid extracted from pulmonary surfactant and identifies it as dipamitoylphosphocholine (DPPC)
What is he going to find regarding the structure of DPPC?
Relating to the fatty acids
Find palmatic acid at both sn-1 and sn-2
Name two major ether lipids
Plasmalogens
Platelet activating factor
A 32-year-old patient with a history of asthma is rushed to the emergency department with severe hypotension and bronchoconstriction after eating shellfish. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Which lipid mediator is most likely responsible for these symptoms
Platelet-Activating Factor
Give two major examples of glycolipids
Cerebrosides
Gangliosides
What is a ganglioside and what is its major clinical correlation
A ganglioside is a glycolipid formed from a moiety of carbohydrates bound to ceramide
Ganglioside GM1 acts asa receptor by which cholera toxins and other toxins gain entry into the intestinal epithelia
What is ceramide
A sphingosin bounded to a fatty acid
What is a sphingosin
Serine bound to palmatic acid
What type of lipid is responsible for blood groups in humans
Glycolipids
What is the differentiates between the 3 blood groups A B
All 3 blood groups contain a core 5 sugars , with A and B having an extra sugar at the terminal end
What differentiates blood group B from the others
It contains the 5 core sugars with an extra galactose at the terminal end
What differentiates Blood group O from the others
It contains only the five core sugars
What differentiats Blood group A from the others
It contains the 5 core sugars plus n-acetylgalactosamine at the terminal end
What are isoprenoids precursors off
Cholestrol and vitamins A D E and K
What is the skeleton structure of Arachidonic acid
20:4
What is the carbon skeleton of palmatic acid
16:0
What is the carbon skeleton of lenoleic acid
18:2
What is the carbon skeleton of stearic acid
18:0
What is the carbon skeleton of linolenic acid
18:3
give a major example of omega 3
Linolenic acid
Give major examples of omega 6
Linoleic and Arachidonic
Give an example of an omega 3
Oleic acid
Eicasopentanoic acid
Name the two Arachidonic acid derivatives
Prostaglandins
Thromboxane
Leukotrienes
A researcher is analyzing eicosanoid metabolites in a patient’s plasma sample. Upon mass spectrometry, she identifies a molecule with a six-membered oxygen-containing ring.
What molecule is this likely to be
Thromboxane
How do you differentiate between prostaglandin and thromboxane
Prostaglandin has a five membered ring but thromboxane has a 6 membered ring containing oxygen
A 25-year-old male with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department with wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness after exposure to dust. His symptoms are not relieved by his usual Ventolin inhaler. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway, which are known to cause bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production.
Which class of eicosanoids is most likely responsible for this patient’s symptoms, and what type of drug did he likely take?
Leukotrienes
And he likely took an NSAID like aspirin or ibuprofen
A 34-year-old woman with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis develops severe wheezing, nasal congestion, and difficulty breathing after taking ibuprofen for a headache. She has had similar reactions to aspirin in the past.
Why should NSAIDs be avoided in this patient, and what is the underlying mechanism responsible for her symptoms
NSAIDs block COX 1 and two, hence blocking the cyclooxegenase pathway
Which increases reaction towards the lipoxygenase pathway leading to overproduction of Leukotrienes causing bronchoconstriction and the like
Leading to an asthmatic attack
What is a tauracolic acid
Its a bile acid
I know its in the slides
What are the essential fatty acids
Linoleic
Linolenic
Give an example of a lipid responsible for vision
Retinal
Learn how to differentiate structures of lipids, exam
ple steroid hormones like estrogen & androgen
You can use position 3, 17 and 18 to differentiate for steroid hormones
What is the lethal lipoprotein?
LDL
The healthy lipoprotein
HDL
What are the most abundant phospholipids?
Phosphatidylcholine (PC),
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),
phosphatidylserine (PS)
Which of the most abundant phospholipids is acidic
phosphatidylserine (PS)
Which two derivatives of arachidonate are local hormones?
Prostaglandins and eicosanoids
