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linguistics Flashcards

0
Q

Phonology

ASL and English

A

Smallest units of a language that don’t have meaning.
Spoken = sounds
ASL = 5 parameters

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1
Q

2 goals of linguistics?

A

Describe language and explain why language are the way they are

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2
Q

5 parameters

A 
Handshape 
Movement 
Orientation
Location
Non manual markers
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3
Q

Morphology

A

Smallest unit of language that have meaning

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4
Q

Syntax

A

How words combine to form utterances

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5
Q

Semantics and pragmatics

A

Meaning and social functions of utterances

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6
Q

Discourse Analysis

A

Analyzes language production in various situations such as lectures, convos, etc

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7
Q

Language acquisition

A

Analyzes how children acquire native language

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8
Q

Second language acquisition

A

Analyze how children and adults acquire language after acquiring native language.

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9
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Study of how languages are used in different groups

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10
Q

Psychololinguistics

A

Study of how the brain acquires and process language.

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11
Q

Linguistics

A

Study of language

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12
Q

Animals vs humans in language and communication

A

Animals use a communication system. Don’t have language

Humans use both communication system and language

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13
Q

Language and communication system have in common (4 things)

A

Have meaningful symbols and signals
Symbols organized by rules and used systematically
Symbols arbitrary or iconic
Members of community share same communication system

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14
Q

Type of symbol

A

Sounds c a t form cat or traffic light

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15
Q

Symbol consist of __ and __

A

Consist of form and meaning

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16
Q

Arbitrary symbol

A

Symbols Connection between form and meaning don’t make sense

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17
Q

Iconic symbol

A

Symbols form resembles meaning

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18
Q

Linguistic symbol example in both English and ASL.

A

Cat bears no resemblance to meaning in English but in ASL the sign resemble cats whiskers

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19
Q

Why language unique? 7 things

A

Productive: infinite number of messages
Can add new symbols: like Internet
Can discuss complex topics: fish can’t
Symbols can be broken down into smaller parts: cats to cat
Symbol can have multiple meanings: like bat
All users can send and receive messages
Children acquire language by interacting with others
Language users can learn other variants of same language

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20
Q

Stokoe

A

First to identify the parts that make up ASL signs

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21
Q

Stokoe names location as

A

Tab

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22
Q

Stokoe named movement as

A

Sig

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23
Q

Stokoe named handshape as

A

Fez

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24
Transcribe
Use symbols to represent ASL signs
25
Glossing
Choose word from another language to represent an ASL sign
26
Translating
Create grammatical English sentences with same meaning as ASL sentence
27
Problem with Stokoes system
Not specific enough cuz it doesn't include palm orientation and not have detail for handshape or location. Theory proposes that signs are simultaneously produced weren't divisible into segments. Would make it different than spoken languages
28
Liddell and Johnson
Signs made of movements and hold like consonants and vowels in spoken language and can be divided into individual parts and produced sequentially.
29
Inventory of sounds
Language chooses from list a smaller set of sounds to use
30
Phonotactics
How sounds are organized into words
31
ASL phonological rules (3)
Not use all possible handshapes movement orientations or locations that are possible to use Limited set of inventory for them Has own system of rules for how they are organized
32
Symmetry condition
If both hands move in ASL sign they must have same handshape and must move in same or opposite directions
33
Dominance condition
If two hands have different handshapes the weak hand must have one of basic handshapes
34
Hold deletion
Phonological process where holds between movements are eliminated when signs occur in sequence
35
Movement epenthesis
Phonological process in which a movement segment is added between the last segment of one sign and the first segment of the next
36
Metathesis
Phonological process in which parts of segments of a sign can change places
37
Assimilation
Phonological process of Taking on the characteristics of other segments
38
Phonemes
Smallest unit of language
39
Inventory
Unique set of phonemes
40
4 phonological processes
Movement epenthesis Hold deletion Metathesis Assimilation
41
2 rules of ASL (conditions)
Symmetry | Dominance
42
Morphology
Smallest meaningful units in language
43
2 kinds of morphology
Derivational | Inflectional
44
Derivational morphology ( include example of ASL and English)
New word derived from another word that creates a new unit in language ASL : sit - chair English : teach - teacher
45
Inflectional morphology ( also provide example in ASL and English)
Process of adding grammatical info to units that already exist ASL : sit - sit for a long time English : walk - walks
46
2 types of morphemes
Free | Bound
47
Free morpheme
Can stand alone House dog
48
Bound morpheme
Can't stand alone and must attach to another morpheme | -s -ed
49
7 ways ASL creates new signs
``` Verb become noun Lexicalized fingerspelling Loan signs Compounds Classifieds Numeral incorporation Aspect ```
50
Verb to noun
Fly - airplane | Sit - chair
51
Compounds
Creating new words by taking two existing words ( free morphemes) and putting them together English : blackboard ASL : think + marry= believe
52
3 rules for creating ASL compounds
1st contact rule: 1st or only contact is kept Single sequence rule: repeated movement is eliminated Weak hand anticipation: weak hand anticipates second sign
53
Lexicalized fingerspelling (3 things)
Represent written symbols of written English with ASL signs Fast and processed as whole sign Gloss is preceded by #
54
7 changes in lexicalization process
Deletion of signs #yes Handshape change #car Movement added # back Orientation change #back Reduplication of movement #ha 2nd hand added #what Additional grammatical info #back
55
Loan signs
Language borrows word or sign from another language English: taco fend shui karaoke ASL : Japan Italy china
56
Numeral incorporation
Composed of 2 bound morphemes Numeral handshape Location orientation movement and NMS
57
Why are numeral incorporation morphemes?
They have meaning as bound morphemes. As a phonological parameter they have no meaning
58
Why are numeral incorporation bound morphemes?
The two morpheme can't be separated or produces individually.
59
Verb types
``` Plain Directional/indicating Reciprocal verbs Locative verbs Depicting Transitive and intransitive ```
60
Plain verbs
Produced in specific location that can't be altered without changing meaning Me laugh
61
Indicating/ directional verbs
Move toward specific people things or locations adding info about subject and object Me say no to her
62
Reciprocal and locative verbs
Type of directional verbs Reciprocal is used in situations whew subject and object are simultaneously giving and receiving the action Understand each other Locative show location where action takes place Throw, show
63
Space we sign in can either be...
Articulatory: just a phoneme Meaningful: a bound morpheme
64
Depicting verbs
Show where something is in space, what it looks like or movements actions For ASL classifieds consist of two morphemes: Handshape and orientation Location movement and NMS
65
Classifiers (6)
``` Used in different situations Help add perspective to story Have different kind of scope Divided into two bound morphemes Handshape and orientation (root) and Movement and location (cluster) ```
66
How ASL derives bound from verbs with examples
Based on movement of signs Fly (verb) and airplane (noun) show same handshape location and orientation but movement different
67
How English derives nouns from verbs
Verbs based on differences in stress on vowels in word Project
68
Continually aspect
Study and sit
69
Regularly aspect
Go and sick
70
For a prolonged period aspect
Cry and ask
71
Over and over aspect
Look at and work
72
In a hurry aspect
Sew and write
73
Sign that can be used in one aspect but not another
Read
74
Transitive verbs
Followed by an object
75
Intransitive verbs
Can't be followed by an object

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