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linguistics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sentence Types in ASL (5)

A

Questions, Negation, Commands, Topicalization, Conditionals

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2
Q

Above Wh- Sentence

A

wh

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3
Q

QM-wiggle

A

added to end of sentence / q above sentence

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4
Q

Above Rhetorical Question

A

rh (above rhetorical Why)

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5
Q

Above Negation Question

A

neg

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6
Q

Above Command Sentence

A

asterisk

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7
Q

Above Topicalization Sentence

A

t above topic

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8
Q

Above conditional sentence

A

cond above conditional part of sentence

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9
Q

Semantics

A

study of the meaning of words or sentences or the study of rule-governed ways in which languages structure meaning

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10
Q

above Question (yes/no) sentence

A

q

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11
Q

NMS for yes/no question

A

eyebrows raised, eyes wide, head and body lean forward

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12
Q

NMS for Wh-questions

A

eyes squinted, head tilted, body may be forward

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13
Q

NMS for QMwg

A

same as yes/no; used when signer is surprised by info

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14
Q

NMS for Rhetorical

A

eyebrows raised, head may be tilted or may shake

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15
Q

NMS for Negation

A

head shake side to side, may frown or squint

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16
Q

NMS for Commands

A

direct eye contact with addressee, may frown, gloss with asterisks

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17
Q

NMS for topicalization

A

eyebrows raised, head tilted, possibly short pause

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18
Q

NMS for conditionals

A

eyebrows raised, head tilted, possibly short pause, eye gaze shift

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19
Q

how is meaning determined in semantics?

A

by its users. determine what the meaning of a given combination of sounds

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20
Q

dictionaries

A
  1. people who write them get their definitions by observing how they are used by people.
  2. leave out words that are commonly used
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21
Q

types of meaning

A
  1. referential
  2. social
  3. affective
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22
Q

referential meaning

A

the idea, thing or state of affairs described by the sign, word, or sentence

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23
Q

social meaning

A

vocabulary and sentence choices reveal something about your social identity

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24
Q

affective meaning

A

provides info about signer’s feelings, attitudes, or opinions concerning a piece of info

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25
Denotation vs connotation
denotation is the dictionary meaning AKA referential meaning. connotation is the social and affective meaning
26
hyponyms and hypernyms
one word represents a group of idea (Family is a hypernym and mother, father, children are hyponyms
27
part/whole relationship
related because one is a piece of another
28
synonyms
two words or signs that mean the same
29
antonyms
two words that are opposite
30
2 types of antonyms
1. gradable - can have varying degrees: hotter, bigger, darker 2. non-gradable - come up in either/or situations: pregnant/not pregnant, married/single
31
converse words
words that show relationships: mother/child, teacher/student
32
metaphor
an extension of the use of a word or sign beyond its primary meaning to describe referents that are similar to the words or signs primary referent.
33
3 types of metaphors
1. orientational 2. ontological 3. structural
34
Orientational metaphor
rely on spatial info to communicate the metaphor. In English, "up" seen as positive as it Cheer up. In ASL, HAPPY is signed upwards, DEPRESSED is signed downwards
35
Ontological metaphor
treat abstract entities, states, and events as they were objects. In English, "barely keep your head up." In ASL, FALL-INTO
36
Structural metaphor
treat one concept in terms terms of another more tangible one. In English, time is money. In ASL, FEEL, SICK have the same handshape and is metaphorical cuz there is nothing emotional about the handshape. they have become associated with those meanings.
37
Is word order in English important?
yes
38
Function words or morphemes indicate...
1. tense 2. aspect 3. reference 4. deixis
39
Deixis
marks the orientation or position of objects and events with respect to certain points of reference.
40
Personal Deixis
personal pronouns PRO-1
41
Spatial Deixis
establish where a person or object is in space, INDEX-right
42
Temporal Deixis
position or orientation of action or events in time
43
Sociolinguistics
study of how language and social structure influence each other
44
variation
people have different ways of saying more or less the same thing
45
language variation (4)
1. phonology 2. morphology 3. syntax 4. lexicon
46
phonology language variation
sounds are different In English, pahk vs park In ASL, one change in handshape, location, movement, or orientation (LIVE)
47
morphology language variation
morphemes are different | In English, you vs. yall
48
syntax language variation
tense can be different In English, if i were you vs. if i was you In ASL, subject in some sentences can be dropped if no confusion
49
lexicon language variation
entire word is different In English, soda vs. pop vs. coke In ASL, sign looks completely different but same meaning (HERE)
50
Other variations
Regional, social, ethnic, gender, age, historical
51
Regional variation in ASL
more than in spoken language cuz no writing system, countries have different schools and Deaf clubs
52
Historical variation
happens in all language. normally affects vocab and phonology. In English, Latin became romance language In sign language, two signs become one (HOME)
53
bilingualism
knowing 2 languages and being able to use those languages appropriately in their respective cultures
54
reasons for bilingualism (6)
1. people relocated and forced to acquire another language 2. people live in mulitlingual area 3. people gain independence 4. people lose independence 5. educational language 6. urbanization and intermarriage
55
when 2 languages used in same country (2)
1. maintained bilingualism | 2. language death - one disappears
56
pidgin
people using 2 different languages come together and need a way to communicate. create new system with features from each language. very simple communication systems with little grammar
57
creole
result of a pidgin being used for so long that children are born into the situation and acquire the pidgin as their first language. becomes altered from the pidgin their parents use, become more complex with rich grammatical structures
58
lexical borrowing
one language incorporates a word from another language into their lexical system In English, taco, feng shui In ASL, AUSTRALIA, ITALY, JAPAN
59
Code switching
bilingual person use one language and switches to another
60
foreigner talk
proficient bilingual is communicating with someone who is less proficient in their second language
61
interference
bilingual unconsciously uses parts of one language in another.
62
Language contact b/n signed and spoken language (rules)
words "borrowed" from English are HOME-SICK, BOY-FRIEND, HOME-WORK. the concept of putting the two words together was borrowed from English but the result is a sign and not a spoken word, so it's NOT a instance of borrowing.
63
Fingerspelling (language contact w/ signed and spoken languages)
English influenced on type of fingerspelling used but it's not English (LIFE - #STYLE)
64
Mouthing (language contact w/ signed and spoken languages)
signers use full English mouthing (no signs or voice) a spoken word (okay, really) or use lexicalized mouthing with no signs (fsh for finish or af for have)
65
Manually Coded English (MCE)
Invented systems that were made to represent every aspect of spoken English on the hands
66
Linguistic features of Pidgin Signed English (PSE)
Not a true pidgin | English word order, prepositions, constructions with THAT, English idioms, English mouthing

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