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Sign Language > linguistics 2 > Flashcards

linguistics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sentence Types in ASL (5)

A

Questions, Negation, Commands, Topicalization, Conditionals

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2
Q

Above Wh- Sentence

A

wh

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3
Q

QM-wiggle

A

added to end of sentence / q above sentence

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4
Q

Above Rhetorical Question

A

rh (above rhetorical Why)

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5
Q

Above Negation Question

A

neg

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6
Q

Above Command Sentence

A

asterisk

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7
Q

Above Topicalization Sentence

A

t above topic

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8
Q

Above conditional sentence

A

cond above conditional part of sentence

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9
Q

Semantics

A

study of the meaning of words or sentences or the study of rule-governed ways in which languages structure meaning

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10
Q

above Question (yes/no) sentence

A

q

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11
Q

NMS for yes/no question

A

eyebrows raised, eyes wide, head and body lean forward

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12
Q

NMS for Wh-questions

A

eyes squinted, head tilted, body may be forward

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13
Q

NMS for QMwg

A

same as yes/no; used when signer is surprised by info

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14
Q

NMS for Rhetorical

A

eyebrows raised, head may be tilted or may shake

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15
Q

NMS for Negation

A

head shake side to side, may frown or squint

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16
Q

NMS for Commands

A

direct eye contact with addressee, may frown, gloss with asterisks

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17
Q

NMS for topicalization

A

eyebrows raised, head tilted, possibly short pause

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18
Q

NMS for conditionals

A

eyebrows raised, head tilted, possibly short pause, eye gaze shift

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19
Q

how is meaning determined in semantics?

A

by its users. determine what the meaning of a given combination of sounds

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20
Q

dictionaries

A
  1. people who write them get their definitions by observing how they are used by people.
  2. leave out words that are commonly used
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21
Q

types of meaning

A
  1. referential
  2. social
  3. affective
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22
Q

referential meaning

A

the idea, thing or state of affairs described by the sign, word, or sentence

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23
Q

social meaning

A

vocabulary and sentence choices reveal something about your social identity

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24
Q

affective meaning

A

provides info about signer’s feelings, attitudes, or opinions concerning a piece of info

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25
Q

Denotation vs connotation

A

denotation is the dictionary meaning AKA referential meaning.
connotation is the social and affective meaning

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26
Q

hyponyms and hypernyms

A

one word represents a group of idea (Family is a hypernym and mother, father, children are hyponyms

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27
Q

part/whole relationship

A

related because one is a piece of another

28
Q

synonyms

A

two words or signs that mean the same

29
Q

antonyms

A

two words that are opposite

30
Q

2 types of antonyms

A
  1. gradable - can have varying degrees: hotter, bigger, darker
  2. non-gradable - come up in either/or situations: pregnant/not pregnant, married/single
31
Q

converse words

A

words that show relationships: mother/child, teacher/student

32
Q

metaphor

A

an extension of the use of a word or sign beyond its primary meaning to describe referents that are similar to the words or signs primary referent.

33
Q

3 types of metaphors

A
  1. orientational
  2. ontological
  3. structural
34
Q

Orientational metaphor

A

rely on spatial info to communicate the metaphor. In English, “up” seen as positive as it Cheer up. In ASL, HAPPY is signed upwards, DEPRESSED is signed downwards

35
Q

Ontological metaphor

A

treat abstract entities, states, and events as they were objects. In English, “barely keep your head up.” In ASL, FALL-INTO

36
Q

Structural metaphor

A

treat one concept in terms terms of another more tangible one. In English, time is money. In ASL, FEEL, SICK have the same handshape and is metaphorical cuz there is nothing emotional about the handshape. they have become associated with those meanings.

37
Q

Is word order in English important?

A

yes

38
Q

Function words or morphemes indicate…

A
  1. tense
  2. aspect
  3. reference
  4. deixis
39
Q

Deixis

A

marks the orientation or position of objects and events with respect to certain points of reference.

40
Q

Personal Deixis

A

personal pronouns PRO-1

41
Q

Spatial Deixis

A

establish where a person or object is in space, INDEX-right

42
Q

Temporal Deixis

A

position or orientation of action or events in time

43
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

study of how language and social structure influence each other

44
Q

variation

A

people have different ways of saying more or less the same thing

45
Q

language variation (4)

A
  1. phonology
  2. morphology
  3. syntax
  4. lexicon
46
Q

phonology language variation

A

sounds are different
In English, pahk vs park
In ASL, one change in handshape, location, movement, or orientation (LIVE)

47
Q

morphology language variation

A

morphemes are different

In English, you vs. yall

48
Q

syntax language variation

A

tense can be different
In English, if i were you vs. if i was you
In ASL, subject in some sentences can be dropped if no confusion

49
Q

lexicon language variation

A

entire word is different
In English, soda vs. pop vs. coke
In ASL, sign looks completely different but same meaning (HERE)

50
Q

Other variations

A

Regional, social, ethnic, gender, age, historical

51
Q

Regional variation in ASL

A

more than in spoken language cuz no writing system, countries have different schools and Deaf clubs

52
Q

Historical variation

A

happens in all language. normally affects vocab and phonology.
In English, Latin became romance language
In sign language, two signs become one (HOME)

53
Q

bilingualism

A

knowing 2 languages and being able to use those languages appropriately in their respective cultures

54
Q

reasons for bilingualism (6)

A
  1. people relocated and forced to acquire another language
  2. people live in mulitlingual area
  3. people gain independence
  4. people lose independence
  5. educational language
  6. urbanization and intermarriage
55
Q

when 2 languages used in same country (2)

A
  1. maintained bilingualism

2. language death - one disappears

56
Q

pidgin

A

people using 2 different languages come together and need a way to communicate. create new system with features from each language. very simple communication systems with little grammar

57
Q

creole

A

result of a pidgin being used for so long that children are born into the situation and acquire the pidgin as their first language. becomes altered from the pidgin their parents use, become more complex with rich grammatical structures

58
Q

lexical borrowing

A

one language incorporates a word from another language into their lexical system
In English, taco, feng shui
In ASL, AUSTRALIA, ITALY, JAPAN

59
Q

Code switching

A

bilingual person use one language and switches to another

60
Q

foreigner talk

A

proficient bilingual is communicating with someone who is less proficient in their second language

61
Q

interference

A

bilingual unconsciously uses parts of one language in another.

62
Q

Language contact b/n signed and spoken language (rules)

A

words “borrowed” from English are HOME-SICK, BOY-FRIEND, HOME-WORK. the concept of putting the two words together was borrowed from English but the result is a sign and not a spoken word, so it’s NOT a instance of borrowing.

63
Q

Fingerspelling (language contact w/ signed and spoken languages)

A

English influenced on type of fingerspelling used but it’s not English (LIFE - #STYLE)

64
Q

Mouthing (language contact w/ signed and spoken languages)

A

signers use full English mouthing (no signs or voice) a spoken word (okay, really) or use lexicalized mouthing with no signs (fsh for finish or af for have)

65
Q

Manually Coded English (MCE)

A

Invented systems that were made to represent every aspect of spoken English on the hands

66
Q

Linguistic features of Pidgin Signed English (PSE)

A

Not a true pidgin

English word order, prepositions, constructions with THAT, English idioms, English mouthing

Sign Language (5 decks)

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