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linguistics > Ling 250 part 2 > Flashcards

Ling 250 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a phoneme

A

Perceptually distinct units of sound that distinguish one word
from another in a given language

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2
Q

what is an allophone

A

phonetic variations of
a phoneme, appear in predictable contexts

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3
Q

how do you argue that sounds are 2 different phonemes

A

lexical contrast (minimal pairs), overlapping distribution

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4
Q

how do you argue that 2 sounds are 2 allophones of the same phoneme

A

distribution analysis: what context does the sound appear in, if they are in complementary distribution then they are allophones

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5
Q

define minimal pair

A

pair of words with different meanings and just one sound difference

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6
Q

complementary distribution

A

no overlapping contexts where a set of sounds appear

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7
Q

overlapping distribution

A

minimal pairs exist (2 sounds can appear in the same context)

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8
Q

underlying representation

A

the phoneme with the most simple/broad contexts

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9
Q

assimilation

A

make 2 sounds sound more similar

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10
Q

dissimilation

A

make sounds sound less similar

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11
Q

epenthesis

A

add a sound (insertion)

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12
Q

deletion

A

delete a sound

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13
Q

metathesis

A

reordering of sounds

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14
Q

fortition

A

sounds get stronger

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15
Q

lenition

A

sounds get weaker

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16
Q

morphemes

A

meaningful pieces of a word (prefix, stem, suffix)

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17
Q

allomorphs

A

morpheme variants, same meaning, different forms depending on the context

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18
Q

describe the sonority hierarchy

A

low-high: voiceless stops, voiced stops, voiceless fricatives, voiced fricatives, nasals, liquids, glides, vowels

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19
Q

describe the components of a syllable

A

onset, rhyme (nucleus, coda)

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20
Q

what does the mora signify

A

syllable weight

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21
Q

light syllable

A

one mora

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22
Q

heavy syllable

A

2 moras

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23
Q

superheavy syllable

A

3+ moras

24
Q

what sounds get a mora

A

vowels -1, diphthongs- 2, stressed syllables with a coda - 1

25
Q

onset

A

first sound(s) in a syllable

26
Q

nucleus

A

vowel

27
Q

coda

A

comes after the nucleus

28
Q

rhyme

A

made up of the nucleus and coda

29
Q

sonority sequencing principle

A

the nucleus of a syllable is the sonority peak, usually progressively decreases from the nucleus on both sides (upside down V shape), some violations

30
Q

tone system

A

the use of pitch for lexical contrast

31
Q

intonation system

A

the use of pitch to convey a discourse-level meaning

32
Q

tone shift

A

tone can spread from its segmental anchor and shift to other segments and syllables

33
Q

tone spread

A

a single tone feature may spread out over a string of successive syllables

34
Q

obligatory tone contour principle

A

identical tones adjacent to each other are prohibited in some languages

35
Q

tone sandhi

A

observed in East Asian tone languages, phonological rules that change tone assigned to a syllable depending on tone of adjacent syllable

36
Q

boundary tone

A

occur at the right edge of a phrase and mark the type of speech act

37
Q

pitch accent

A

encode the informational status of a word or phrase (highlights new information, broad or contrastive focus)

38
Q

african languages

A

level tone languages, relative pitch heights

39
Q

asian languages

A

contour tone languages

40
Q

distributional analysis of language data

A

determines if 2 sounds are 2 different phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme

41
Q

steps for a distributional analysis

A

look at what contexts each sound appears in

42
Q

format for writing phonological rules

A

/x/ –> [y] / [context])

43
Q

response patterns in identification tasks

A

continuous perception is linear, categorical is non-linear (_/-)

44
Q

response patterns in discrimination tasks

A

continuous is a flat line around 50, categorical peaks between 4 and 5 but flat around

45
Q

continuous perception

A

gradient

46
Q

catagorical speech

A

one or the other

47
Q

origins of perceptual catagorization

A

temporal response patterns in the auditory cortex (auditory system), and learning!

48
Q

steps in generating speech from text

A

breaks a word down into pronouncable units, transformed into electronic sound signals by several methods (parametric, concatenative, generative)

49
Q

parametric speech synthesis

A

define parameters of human speech signal and use this information to generate speech (amplitude and freq of formants)

50
Q

synthesis by rule

A

computer synthesized sound wave where only f1/f2/f3 frequency and f1/f2/f3 amplitude are manipulated

51
Q

articulatory synthesis

A

model of the vocal tract, speech is created by digitally simulating air flow through the vt

52
Q

concatenative speech synthesis

A

synthesize sounds by concatenating short samples of pre-recorded sound

53
Q

steps in automatic speech recognition

A

speech input, spectral encoding, look-up, output

54
Q

word error rate

A

number of errors divided by the number of words

55
Q

challenges of automatic speech synthesis and recognition

A

segmentation (don’t know word boundaries), ambiguity (homophones, semantics, pragmatics, syntax), variability (across speakers, speech styles, accents, etc.)

56
Q

identification experiment

A

what category does a sound belong to, do we find a clear boundary?

57
Q

discrimination experiment

A

can you discriminate one sound from another

linguistics (3 decks)

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