lines of defence

Question 1

what are the components of the first line of defence

Answer 1

skin
mucous membranes
normal flora

Question 2

explain the role of the skin in immune defence

Answer 2

closely packed kerainised skin cells assist in resistance to entry of pathogens.

Question 3

explain the role of mucous membranes in immune defence

Answer 3

the mucous layers inhibits the entrance of many microorganisms. the mucous traps pathogens before entering the body further.

Question 4

explain the role of normal flora in immune defence

Answer 4

normal flora suppresses growth of pathogenic bacteria by competing for essential nutrients

Question 5

state the components of the second line of defence

Answer 5

inflammation
fever
phagocytes and natural killer cutes
protective proteins

Question 6

describe how inflammation defends us from infection

Answer 6

when cells or tissues are damaged, histamines are released and and triggers vasodilation which causes the heat, redness and swelling. the blood vessels are now more permeable. blood clots form around an abscess to prevent spreading of infection which destroys the agent.

Question 7

describe how fever defends us from infection

Answer 7

bacterial endotoxins induce fever by stimulating the hypothalamus and release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamic thermostat of the body.
increased temp=faster reactions.

Question 8

describe how phagocytes and natural killer cells defends us from infection

Answer 8

phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. natural killer cells are capable of destroying tumour cells.

Question 9

describe how protective proteins defends us from infection

Answer 9

the complement system is the first part of the immune system that meets invaders like bacteria.
they react directly with antigens and trigger inflammation, attract phagocytes, coat intruder cells to make more appetizing and kill intruders.

Question 10

what is inflammation and what are some advantages of having an inflammatory response

Answer 10

when cells or tissues are damaged, histamines are released and and triggers vasodilation which causes the heat, redness and swelling. the blood vessels are now more permeable. blood clots form around an abscess to prevent spreading of infection which destroys the agent.

Question 11

define antibody

Answer 11

a specific protein produces in response to a substance foreign to the body that reacts with the antigen to neutralize it or destroy it

Question 12

define antigen

Answer 12

antigens are anything that triggers a specific immune response

Question 13

what happens in the third line of defence

Answer 13

immunity is the ability for the body to specifically counteract foreign substances or organisms called antigens. immune responses involve the production of proteins called antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

Question 14

what are the two different lymphocytes involved in immunity and where do they mature

Answer 14

t cells- thymus
b cells- bone marrow

Question 15

what is celll mediated immunity

Answer 15

cell mediated immunity is depends on t cells and does not involve antibody production. their primary response is to intracellular infections (virus)

Question 16

what is humoral immunity

Answer 16

b cells produce antibodies to a specific antigen

Question 17

describe natural active immunity

Answer 17

obtained when a person is exposed to an antigen naturally over exposure

Question 18

describe natural passive immunity

Answer 18

transfer of antibodies from mother to infant via placenta or breastfeeding

Question 19

describe artificial active immunity

Answer 19

the injection of a dead or dormant disease to help the body develop its own defence to

Question 20

describe artificial passive immunity

Answer 20

antibodies that have been introduces into the body that have been extracted from an immune animal or person

Question 21

what happens to our bodies following vaccinations which protect us from disease

Answer 21

vaccination deliberately exposes a person to a harmless version of a pathogen or toxin to stimulate their immune system to produce protective antibodies and memory cells but will not cause disease.

Question 22

how does the immune system protect the body from disease

Answer 22

the immune system makes antibodies and uses them to specifically fight certain germs that the body has previously come into contact with

Question 23

what methods do we use in hospitals to prevent transmission of diseases

Answer 23

antiseptic uses
frequent hand washing
active infection control programs
short hospital stays

Question 24

define standard precautions

Answer 24

standard precautions are work practices required to achieve a basic level of infection control

Question 25

give 4 examples of standard precautions

Answer 25

hand hygiene
PPE
safe use and disposal of sharps
routine environmental cleaning

Question 26

how do additional precautions prevent the transmission of infectious diseases

Answer 26

additional precautions are takes while ensuring standard precautions are taking place. these are used when the standard precautions cant contain a disease alone.

Question 27

state 3 examples of additional precautions

Answer 27

single rooms
negative pressure rooms
N95 masks

Question 28

what are the 5 moments of hand hygiene

Answer 28

before touching a patient
before a procedure
after a procedure
after touching patient
after touching patient surroundings

Question 29

when would we use disinfectant in healthcare

Answer 29

disinfectant elimanates many or all pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects with the exception of bacterial spores

Question 30

when would we use anticeptic in healthcare

Answer 30

solutions used to disinfect skin and other living tissue.