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Lindsay glodme test > Lindsay glodme 2.1 > Flashcards

Lindsay glodme 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Arab

A

a member of the people who are originally from the Arabian Peninsula and who now live mostly in the Middle East and northern Africa

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2
Q

Mecca

A

The most sacred city in all Islam, home to the Kaaba, home of Muhammad.

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3
Q

Kaaba

A

The ancient shrine in Mecca that Muhammad cleansed of polytheism and rededicated to Allah - the center of Islamic practice worldwide

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4
Q

Muhammad

A

Prophet of Islam; last prophet; created Islam

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5
Q

Allah

A

The Arabic word for God

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6
Q

Quran

A

For Muslims, this book contains the direct words of God as revealed to Muhammad - this word means “recitation”

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7
Q

Hadith

A

Stories of the life of Muhammad - these are a second source of religious authority along with the Quran - this word means “story”

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8
Q

Hijra

A

Muhammad’s flight from Mecca where he was rejected to Medina where he was much more successful

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9
Q

Medina

A

Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina and this is where he was successful in creating Islam and the ummah; political and military leader against Meccans

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10
Q

Ummah

A

Arabic word meaning nation or community, original community of Muhammad

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11
Q

Sunnah

A

Means “tradition” and refers to the life and ways of the prophet

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12
Q

Sufism

A

Islamic mysticism - a tradition involving the use of poetry, music, and dance used to achieve direct experience of the divine.

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13
Q

Ijtihad

A

The use of human reason in deriving Islamic law

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14
Q

Shari’ah

A

Islamic law

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15
Q

Haram

A

An act that is forbidden, to do it ever would be a sin

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16
Q

Makruh

A

An act that is bad if done repeatedly or habitually

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17
Q

Mubah

A

An act that is neither good nor bad - doing this or not doesn’t matter

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18
Q

Mustahabb

A

An act that is good but not required

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19
Q

Wajib

A

An act that is required; to not do it is a sin

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20
Q

Ulama

A

A class of trained Islamic scholars - these scholars read and interpret the Quran and so are very important

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21
Q

Caliph

A

This term means “successor” and refers to the leaders of the ummah after Muhammad whose power was mostly political - these were the leaders of the Sunni branch of Islam

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22
Q

Rashidun caliphs

A

Rightly-guided caliphs

Abu Bakr - 1st Caliph
Umar - 2nd caliph
Uthman - 3rd caliph
Ali

23
Q

Mu’awiya

A

5th caliph, 1st Caliph of Umayyad dynasty, gov of Syria. Took over from Ali

24
Q

Yezid

A

6th caliph after Mu’awiya

25
Q

Hassan

A

2nd Imam

26
Q

Hussein

A

3rd Imam. Killed by Yezid in battle of k

27
Q

Battle of Karbala

A

Between Yezid and Hassan; Sunni-Shia split

28
Q

Shi’a

A

Smaller branch than Sunni, name comes from being followers or partisans of Ali, they believe Imams are the correct leaders of the Ummah

29
Q

Sunni

A

The largest branch of Islam, taking its name from the tradition of the prophet

30
Q

5 pillars of Islam

A

1) Shahada - Proclamation of faith
2) Salat - pray 5x day
3) Sawm - Fasting, from dawn till dusk during month of Ramadan
4) Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
5) Zakat - alms, charity

31
Q

Umayyad caliphate

A

The first dynasty of caliphs including Muawiya and Yezid

32
Q

Abbasid caliphate

A

Dynasty after Umayyad; seen as Golden Age

33
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Sunni Islamic state founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in Anatolia. Sultanate transformed into empire and a claimante to a caliphate

34
Q

Sultan

A

Muslim sovereign

35
Q

Millet System

A

Indirect rule: Ottoman system that allowed local ethnic groups in their empire to control themselves as long as their leaders lived in Istanbul. Helped Sultan maintain loyalty

36
Q

Devshirme System

A

Ottoman system for impressing Christian boys into the Ottoman military as Janissaries - converting them to Islam and banning them from marrying; human taxation

37
Q

Janissaries

A

Foot soldiers

38
Q

Timar System

A

Sultan gives large amounts of land to feudal lords/nobles who in return give cavalry to Sultan. “Tax Farming”

39
Q

Tanzimat

A

Means “restructuring” or “reorganization” - a period of quasi-liberal reform in the 19th century Ottoman Empire - a form of response to rising European dominance

40
Q

Isma’il the Magnificent

A

This Khedive of Egypt sought to Europeanize his country and this push for development created a huge debt to and dependency on Europe and cause a violent backlash against him - he lost the Suez to the UK

41
Q

Islamism

A

A call to political order based on traditional Islamic forms including obedience to the Caliph. This suggests a tight bond between political forms and traditional Islamic practice.

42
Q

Abdul Hamid

A

Absolutist Sultan-Caliph of the late Ottoman Empire - he wanted to modernize his economy and technology but called on Islamism and total central power to justify his power

43
Q

Wahhabi movement

A

A 19th century fundamentalist movement to recapture the literal lifestyle and forms of the original ummah - a kind of Islamic puritainism - they focus on tawhid and reject bid’ah

44
Q

Religious Zionism

A

Need to implement Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel, Aliyah and settlement of the Land

45
Q

Political Zionism

A

Establishing home for Jews in Palestine

46
Q

Husayn-McMahon Correspondence

A

Series of letters between Husayn bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Sir Henry McMahon and Brit High Comm of Egypt concerns of lands under Ottoman empire. Husayn wanted to create a Pan-Arab state. British and Arabs make promises to each other. Son Faysal wants all of Arabian peninsula. Proclaims himself king of Damascus and gets Arab Kingdom

47
Q

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A

Secret agreement btwn France and Britain in which they divided up Middle East. Divided up Arab provinces of Ottoman Empire that would be future controlled territory.

Promises overlap. France -> Syria, Britain ->Iraq and Jordan. Jerusalem divided. Separate Palestine

48
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

Letter that confirmed British promise for support of a Jewish homeland. Was included in Sevre treaty and the Palestine Mandate

49
Q

Arab Revolt

A

Revolt initiated by Sherif Hussein bin Ali with aim to secure independence from Ottoman Turks and create a single unified Arab nation from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen. Arab nationalist sentiment

50
Q

Sharif Husayn ibn Ali

A

Son of Ali and Fatimah and younger brother of Hasan. Killed by Yezid in Battle of Karbala in 680

51
Q

Faysal ibn Husayn (Iraq)

A

Brother of Abdullah and son of Hussein ibn Ali, he was made king of Iraq by the British.

52
Q

Abdullah ibn Husayn (Jordan)

A

Brother of Faysal, son of Hussein ibn Ali, he was made king of Jordan by the British after WWI

53
Q

Treaty of Sèvres

A

WWI Peace treaty that ended the Ottoman Empire

54
Q

Treaty of Lausanne

A

WWI Peace treaty that ended conflict btwn Ottoman Empire and UK, France etc. b/c Sevres didn’t work because it was rejected by the Turkish national movement who fought to win back land

Lindsay glodme test (2 decks)

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