Limitations Flashcards
VNE
160
Never exceed speed
VNO
126
Normal operating
VA
111
(<2325lbs)
88
(<1531)
VFE
103
Max, flap extended (LOI)
VSO
44
Stall speed flaps extended
VS1
50
Max speed flaps UP
Best Glide
73
VR
55
Rotate (normal)
50-52
(Short field)
Vy
79
Best rate of climb
Vx
63
Best angle of climb
Vapp
70
1500RPM
Initial approach
Ideally slow to base leg: 70 down to 65Vref
Vref
63
Final appr
XWIND (demonstrated)
17kts
Demonstrated just means what its been tested to. That’s not to say the AC will hold to that speed nor won’t hold if surpassed.
Cruise
95
2300RPM
Descend
95
1900RPM
Engine
Lycoming 0-320
Power
160 HP
Max RPM
2700RPM
Static RPM
2330-2430RPM
Fuel capacity
182ltrs
~ 5hrs 41mins
(Useable)
Fuel burn
32L/h
~ 0.5L/min
~5.3L/10mins
Oil max
8qts
Oil min
2 qts
Engine layout
4 cylinders horizontally opposed
Aspiration
N/A carburettor
Aspirated engine takes oxygen purely from atmospheric px.
A carburettor mixes fuel and oxygen to get the most out of combustion engines.
Fuel pump
Electrical and mechanical
Redundancy
Battery
12V
Electrical
60A 14V alternator
Cooling
Air
Fuel for PA28-161
AVGAS 100LL
Oil system
Wet sump
Wingspan
10.7m (35ft)
Length
7.3m (24ft)
Height
2.3m (7.4ft)
Prop (composition and height)
Diameter 6.2ft
Service ceiling
14,000ft
G limit
- 0/+3.8G (normal)
- 0/+4G (utility)
MTOW/MLW (normal)
2325 / 2440lbs
MTOW/LW (utility)
2020lbs
Basic empty mass
1319lbs
Max luggage
200lbs
Useful load
910lbs
Kg to Lbs conversion
X2.2
/2.2
KM to NM
/1.8
Miles to NM
X 1.15
/1.15
Mile to KM
X1.6
/1.6
Slow cruise speed (clean)
70
1900RPM
E.g. bad Wx ccts
SQ fo emergency
7700
SQ for radio failure
7600
SQ for unlawful interference
7500
X WD LDG technique
In the air -
Track into wind/rudder into wind
Wings level
Into WD wheel TD 1st, then opposite back wheel, last nose wheel, hold a little bk px on control column
On TD -
AIieron full deflection into wind
X WD TO technique
On the ground -
Aileron fully into wind
Rudder into wind, more px as speed picks up
TO -
Aileron slowly back to neutral (as far as applicable)
Rudder into wind
US Gal to ltr conversion
/3.875
X3.875
Unusable fuel
8 litres
Max fuel incl. unusable = ~ 190 litres
Fuel - min octane?
AVGAS :
100 Green Or
100LL Blue
US Gal to Lbs
Warrior II only as per AFM
6lbs /US gal
U/S air vacuum pump affects which instruments?
AH + DI/HSI
When will you use limited panel?
- what instruments are u/s? - what are the alt instruments?
When the vacuum pump is U/S.
- AI + DI - TC + Compass
What is a pitot-static sys?
This supplies both pitot and static pressure to instruments readings
- instruments: VSI, ASI, ALT
What happens to the instruments when there is no dynamic px
ASI need doesn’t move/work.
VSI swings up/down/stop. (Random)
What happens to the instruments if there is static px block
ASI behaves like VSI
VSI frozen
What is the emergency freq?
121.50 MHZ
AFM section 1?
Gen
AFM sect 2?
Limitiations
AFM sect 3?
Emerg procedures
AFM sect 4?
Normal procedures
AFM sect 5?
Perf
AFM sect 6?
W+B
AFM sect 7?
Descript, sys + ops
AFM sect 8?
AC handling, service + maintenance
GLEN - PWAM?
Gen
Limitations
Emerg procedures
Normal procedures
Perf
W+B
AC descript, sys + ops
AC handling, servicing + maintenance
Nose gear px?
30psi
Main gear px?
24psi
BGATP - priority in the air
Balloons - Gliders - Airships - Towed AC - Powered AC
VFR VMC minima for:
Above 10,000ft AMSL/FL100+
Airspace - A,B,C,D,E,F,G. (ALL)
8km vis
Horizontal 1.5km and vertical 1,000ft clear of cloud
VFR VMC minima for:
Below 10,000ft AMSL/FL100 + above 3000ft AMSL or 1,000ft above terrain (whichever is the higher)
Airspace - A,B,C,D, E,F,G. (ALL)
5km Vis
Horizontal 1.5km + vertical 1,000ft clear of cloud
VFR VMC minima for:
At or below 3000ft AMSL or 1,000ft above terrain (whichever is the higher)
A,B,C,D**,E
5km vis
Horizontal 1.5km + vertical 1,000ft clear of cloud
D** exception by day where cloud ISGCC
VFR VMC minima for:
What is the Class D airspace exception?
Only by day, AC <140IAS and at or below 3000AMSL/1,000ft above terrain:
Class D VFR VMC minima is -
5km Vis (same)
ISGCC (diff)
VFR VMC minima for:
Airspace class F + G* under 3000AMSL/1000AGL terrain?
5km Vis
ISGCC
G* - exception by day in the UK only, vis minima reduced to 1.5km
What is the Class G airspace exception in the UK?
G exception by day only + for AC <140IAS at or below 3000AMSL/1,000ft above terrain (whichever is higher):
1.5km vis
ISGCC
M to ft conversion?
X3.28
At what height must an en-route obstacle be lit?
150m (490ft)
- must be lit at night at highest point
- norm with steady red light
AD VFR met minima?
VFR may not -
TO nor LD at CTR or enter CCT if:
Cloud ceiling <1500ft
or
Grd vis ，>5km
What is special VFR?
Permission to enter CTR when conditions fall below VFR VMC met minima but without having to comply with IFR.
What is the special VFR met minima?
To LD:
- ISGCC
- vis > 1.5km
- AC <140IAS
To TO:
- the above +
- grd vis >1.5km
- cloud ceiling >600ft
Restrictions on level and speed in which a VFR flight can travel?
VFR flights cannot fly:
- above FL195
- at transonic nor
- at supersonic spd
Without prior permission granted.
Minimum obstacle clearance?
At height:
- 500ft < above ground or water or
- 500ft < above highest obstacle
At height:
- 1,000ft < above highest obstacle within 600m
Critically Slow speed (2 stage flaps)
50IAS
~1900rpm
Carb ON
Vs x1.2 = (44x1.2)
Back if drag curve so need to increase pwr to maintain altitude
Flapless spd on base/final + threshold
80kts
75kts
(Spd is +10kts from normal)
Glide spd at base/final + threshold?
75kts (+5kt on normal)
70kts
QDM
˚M to the station
QDR
˚M from the station
QTJ
˚T to the stn
QTE
˚T from the stn
SQ code for LOST
SQ 0030
Distress and diversion can be contacted on 121.5 if not already in contact with a ATSU.
Alternatively you can also use ATSU with radar services. In Scotland there is Leuchars and Lossiemouth. None to the West.
Safety com - what is it and how to contact?
For use of AD that do NOT have assigned freq.
Currently 135.475Mhz
Used within 10NM and up to 1000ft of AD circuit.
When making calls, “[x] traffic, [callsign], [PAI]”
When do you RT “radio”?
Radio is an air/ground comm with only basic information available.
Manned stations cannot give you authorisation or clearances
Callsign ‘information’ - what is it?
AFIS do NOT give instructions to AC in the air though they do give mandatory instructions to vehicles and AC on the ground up to a RW holding point.
AFIS is one step up from Radio in that they give more comprehensive info, and will ask for a position report that’s consistent with published AD traffic procedures.
AFIS - AD flight information service
PA28:
How many degrees for 1st stage flaps?
10˚
PA28:
How many degrees for 2nd stage flaps?
25˚
PA28:
How many degrees for 3rd stage flaps?
40˚
Turbulent Air Operating Spd?
111KIAS
SQ code for LOST
SQ 0030
Distress and diversion can be contacted on 121.5 if not already in contact with a ATSU.
Alternatively you can also use ATSU with radar services. In Scotland there is Leuchars and Lossiemouth. None to the West.
Safety com - what is it and how to contact?
For use of AD that do NOT have assigned freq.
Currently 135.475Mhz
Used within 10NM and up to 1000ft of AD circuit.
When making calls, “[x] traffic, [callsign], [PAI]”
When do you RT “radio”?
Radio is an air/ground comm with only basic information available.
Manned stations cannot give you authorisation or clearances
Callsign ‘information’ - what is it?
AFIS do NOT give instructions to AC in the air though they do give mandatory instructions to vehicles and AC on the ground up to a RW holding point.
AFIS is one step up from Radio in that they give more comprehensive info, and will ask for a position report that’s consistent with published AD traffic procedures.
AFIS - AD flight information service
PA28:
How many degrees for 1st stage flaps?
10˚
PA28:
How many degrees for 2nd stage flaps?
25˚
PA28:
How many degrees for 3rd stage flaps?
40˚
Which kind of AC is the PA28?
Aluminium alloy semi monocoque monoplane with low semi tapered wings.
Monocoque means that features of the structure are integral to it. Therefore semi monocoque means that parts have been added to the structure e.g. fitting of doors and windscreen/windows.
Max speed door open in flight?
89kts
Min/max fuel px?
0.5 - 8 PSI
Min/max oil px?
25 - 100 PSI
Min/max oil temp?
75˚ - 245˚F
Vacuum pump ‘normal’ range?
Checklist lists between 3 to 5
Normal working range is 5” (inches mercury)
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
Steady red
In flight - Give way to other AC and continue circling
On ground - STOP
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
Steady Green
In flight - Clear to LD
Ground - Clear for TO
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
Red flashes
In flight - Do NOT LD: ad not avail for LDG
Ground - Move clear of LDG area
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
Green flashes
In flight - Return for LDG. Clearance to LD will be given in due course
Ground - Clear to taxi
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
White flashes
In flight - LD at this AD and proceed to apron, clearance to LD will be given in due course
Ground - Return to starting point on the AD
AD to AC light signals - what does … mean?
Red pyrotechnic
In flight - not withstanding (in spite of) any previous instructions, do NOT LD for the time being
Ground - NONE
Acknowledgement of light signals by aircraft:
Day and in flight
Rock AC wings, except if on base/final appr
Acknowledgement of light signals by aircraft:
Day and on ground
Move AC ailerons or rudder
(Should move ailerons as you need to consider whether AC has weight on the nose. If weight on the nose and you try to move the rudder while the AC is static, you will break the hydraulic sys)
Acknowledgement of light signals by aircraft:
Night and in flight or on ground
Flashing on and off x2 LDG or NAV lights
What is Safetycom and its freq?
A freq used to transmit over an airfield where there is no dedicated freq for that airfield.
Safetycom freq is 135.475mhz.
When do you use Safetycom?
Freq 135.475Mhz.
Used when airfield has no dedicated freq and AC is passing within 2000ft or less than 1000ft AGL and within 10NM of the airfield.
What is a VOLMET?
Continuous radio broadcast of AD METAR reports. Can be used in flight for wx updates.
Scottish VOLMET is 125.725Mhz
What is QGH?
Controlled descent through cloud. Use only by RAF.
What is SERA?
Standard European rules of the air
SERA is used to dictate operating procedures in the air, even when there is not ATZ established. It is sometimes replaced by individual state rules which are published and stated if there is a difference.
What is the UK rules of the air 2015?
These are laws and procedures established by the UK for air operations.
US Gal to lbs conversion
X 6lbs
Critically slow speed clean
60KTS
1900RPM
Carb on
Vs x1.2 = 50x1.2
Back if drag curve so need pwr to maintain altitude
Critically slow speed clean
60KTS
1900RPM
Carb on
Vs x1.2 = 50x1.2
Back if drag curve so need pwr to maintain altitude
