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Anatomy 1b > Limbs 1 > Flashcards

Limbs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major structures of the body?

A
  • main body (head, neck and trunk)
  • appendages (upper and lower limbs)
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2
Q

What are the two major structures of the skeleton?

A
  • axial skeleton (head, neck and trunk)
  • appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs)
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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • upper and lower limb bones
  • bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
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4
Q

What is the function of the upper limb?

A

position the hand for manipulation and grip activities

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5
Q

What is the function of the lower limb?

A

support the body weight, locomotion, maintain balance

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6
Q

Which joints connect the upper limbs to the trunk?

A
  • sternoclavicular joints (true joints)
  • scapulo-thoracic joints (virtual joints)
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7
Q

Which joints connect the lower limbs to the trunk

A

Sacroiliac joints (between the pelvis and sacrum)

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8
Q

What are the four regions of the upper limb?

A
  • The pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • The arm
  • The forearm
  • The hand
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9
Q

What are the pectoral girdle bones?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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10
Q

What is the arm bone?

A

The humerus

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11
Q

What are the forearm bones?

A

The radius and ulna

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12
Q

What are the wrist bones?

A

Carpal bones

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13
Q

What are the bones of the main part of the hand?

A

Metacarpals

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14
Q

What are the bones of the digits, including the thumb?

A

Phalanges

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15
Q

What are the articulations of the clavicle?

A
  • Medial end articulates with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
  • Lateral end articulates with the scapular acromion
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16
Q

What is the clavicle?

A
  • moveable structure which supprts the scapula and upper limb
  • site of muscle attachment
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17
Q

Label this diagram of the clavicle

A
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18
Q

What is the scapula?

A
  • shoulder blade
  • triangular plate of bone
  • various bony features and fassae which act as sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments
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19
Q

Label this diagram of the scapula

A

glenoid cavity is glenoid fossa

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20
Q

What can be seen on the scapula’s anterior view? (4)

A
  • acromion
  • coracoid process
  • glenoid fossa
  • subscapular fossa
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21
Q

What can be seen on the scapula’s posterior view?

A
  • supraspinous fossa
  • scapular spine
  • acromion
  • glenoid fossa
  • infraspinous fossa
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22
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

Socket of the shoulder joint

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23
Q

What does the acromion articulate with?

A

The clavicle

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What does the glenoid fossa articulate with?

A

Humoural head

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26
Q

What is the scapula held against?

A

The posterolateral thoracic wall

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27
Q

What is the humerus?

A

largest bone of the upper limb

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28
Q

What does the humerus articulate with?

A
  • glenoid fossa proximally to form shoulder joint
  • radius and ulna distally to form elbow joint
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29
Q

Label this diagram of the humerus

A
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30
Q

What connects the inner shafts of the radius and ulna?

A

Intraosseous membrane

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31
Q

What do the radius and ulna articulate with?

A
  • humerus proximally
  • carpal bones distally
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32
Q

How many rows of carpal bones are there and how many bones are in each row?

A

Two rows of four

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33
Q

What do the carpal bones articulate with?

A
  • proximal row (apart from pisiform) with radius and ulna
  • distal row with metacarpals
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34
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  • strucutal properties
  • mobility
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35
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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36
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, e.g. sutures of skull

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37
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

bones connected with cartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis

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38
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • primary (hyaline cartilage)
  • secondary (fibrocartilage)
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39
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • bones not directly connected at joint surfaces
  • articulation is surrounded by enclosing synovial capsule
  • generally covered in hyaline cartilage
40
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  • uniaxial (moves in one direction)
  • biaxial (moves in two planes)
  • multiaxial (moves in several planes)
41
Q

What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?

A

The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is

42
Q

Which other structures provide stability to joints?

A

Ligaments and tendons

43
Q

What is a ligament?

A

collagenous connective tissue linking bones

44
Q

What is a tendon?

A

collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles

45
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A
  • thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint
  • holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing
46
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A
  • a flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament
  • can provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area
47
Q

What is a bursa?

A
  • a closed sac of a serous membrane
  • found at body sites that are subject to friction
48
Q

What are the joints of the upper limb?

A
  • Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ)
  • Acromio-clavicular joint (ACJ)
  • Gleno-Humeral joint (GHJ) (Shoulder joint)
  • Scapulo-thoracic joint (STJ)
  • Elbow joint
  • Wrist joint
  • Numerous joints in the hand
49
Q

Describe the sternoclavicular joint

A
  • synovial saddle joint
    joint cavity divided by fibrous articular disc
  • stabilised with a number of ligaments
  • significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
50
Q

Decribe the acromioclavicular joint

A
  • plane synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion
  • rotation and some
    vertical and anterior/posterior (A/P) movements
51
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint

A
  • ball-and-socket synovial joint
  • glenoid fossa is shallow, but slightly deepened by a cartilaginous labrum
  • highly mobile joint with wide range of movement
  • muscles required for joint stability
52
Q

Describe the elbow joint

A
  • ## configured so that flexion and extension can occur at any degree of pronation/supination
53
Q

Label the proximal row of the carpal bones

A
54
Q

Which carpal bones form the wrist joint at the articular disc?

A
  • scarphoid carpal bone
  • lunate carpal bone
  • triquetrum carpal bone
55
Q

What do the radius and ulna articulate with to form the wrist joint?

A
  • radius = distal radio-ulnar joint (just proximal to wrist joint)
  • ulna = articular disc
56
Q

What happens to the articular disc during pronation/supination?

A

Slides over the distal end of the ulna

57
Q
A
58
Q

How many phalages does each digit have?

A

3 (aside from thumb, which has 2)

59
Q

What are the joints between the two rows of carpal bones?

A

Intercarpal joints

60
Q

What are the joints between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones?

A

Carpometacarpal joints

61
Q

What are the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges called?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

62
Q

What are the joints between the proximal and middle phalanges called?

A

Proximal interphalagneal joints

63
Q

What are the joints between the middle and distal phalanged called?

A

Distal interphalangeal joints

64
Q

What are the limb muscles divided into?

A

Compartments with:
- distinct function
- same nerve supply
- same blood supply
- connective tissue sepatae to separate them

65
Q

What are the compartments of the upper limb?

A
  • Pectoral girdle muscles
  • Intrinsic shoulder muscles
  • Anterior arm muscles
  • Posterior arm muscles
  • Anterior forearm muscles
  • Posterior forearm muscles
  • Intrinsic hand muscles
66
Q

Which upper limb muscles are flexors?

A
  • anterior arm muscles
  • anterior forearm muscles
67
Q

Which arm muscles are extensors?

A
  • posterior arm muscles
  • posterior forearm muscles
68
Q

Which muscles compartments act on the shoulder?

A
  • pectoral girdle muscles
  • intrinsic shoulder muscles
69
Q

Which muscles form the pectoral girdle?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • serratus anterior
  • pectoralis major
70
Q

Which muscles form the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • deltoid
  • teres major
  • roatator cuff muscles
71
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
72
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • move the humerus at the shoulder joint
  • stabilise the shoulder joint by holding the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
73
Q

Lable this diagram of the pectoral girlde

A
74
Q

Label this diagram of the intrinsic shoulder muscles

A
75
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
  • brachialis
76
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the arm?

A
  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
77
Q

What are the attachments of the forearm muscles?

A
  • distal humerus
  • radius and ulna
  • intraosseous membrane
78
Q

What are the three compartments of the forearm?

A
  • superficial flexor
  • deep flexor
  • extensor
79
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does flexor mean?

A

flexes at a joint

80
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does extensor mean?

A

Extends at a joint

81
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does capri mean?

A

Acts across the wrist

82
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does radialis mean?

A

Acts of the radial aspect of the wrist

83
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does ulnaris mean?

A

Acts on the ulnar aspect of the wrist

84
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does digitorum mean?

A

Acts on a group of digits (excluding thumb)

85
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does pollcis mean?

A

Acts only on thumn

86
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does digiti minimi mean?

A

Acts only on the little finger

87
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does indicis mean?

A

Acts only on index finger

88
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What do longus and brevis mean?

A

Long and short

89
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What do superficialis and profundus mean?

A

Superficial and deep

90
Q

What is the thenar eminence of the hand?

A

prominence between the base of the thumb and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the thumb

91
Q

What is the hypothenar eminence of the hand?

A

prominence between the base of the little finger and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the little finger

92
Q

What are the different muscle groups of the hand?

A
  • thenar muscles
  • adductor muscles
  • hypothenar muscles
  • interossei and lumbrical
93
Q

What do the four lumbrical muscles do?

A
  • flex metacarpal joints
  • extend interphalageal joints
94
Q

What do the four doral interossei muscles do?

A

Abduct the digits (DAB)

95
Q
A
96
Q

What do the three palmar interossei muscles do?

A

Adduct the digits (PAD)

Anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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