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Learning Theory > limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx (1) > Flashcards

limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Fanselow (1990) find in their study on contextual fear learning?

A

One-trial contextual fear learning

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2
Q

What did the rats show when re-exposed to the chamber where they received a shock?

A

Conditional freezing

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3
Q

Did the rats exhibit conditional freezing in other chambers?

A

No

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4
Q

How did the probability of freezing change with the delay between being placed in the chamber and being shocked?

A

It increased

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5
Q

What was the role of a salient tone in the contextual stimulus?

A

It increased conditioned freezing even for short delays

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6
Q

What is necessary for 1-trial conditioned freezing?

A

Sufficient exposure and a small amount of context exposure that is contiguous with the shock

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7
Q

How does this study relate to ANV (animal name variant)?

A

Possibly reduced exposure to the room where they are given the drug

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8
Q

What effect does pre-exposure to the context have on conditioning to the context?

A

It retards subsequent conditioning (LI effect)

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9
Q

How is the LI effect enhanced in pre-exposure?

A

When rats ingest a novel-flavored solution

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10
Q

What are conditioned gaping reactions?

A

Rat model of nausea

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11
Q

What happened when a rat was given LiCl before being exposed to a distinctive context?

A

They consumed less sucrose in that same context.

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12
Q

What happened when the context had previously been paired with saline for the rats?

A

They consumed more sucrose in that context.

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13
Q

What happened when the rats were placed in a new context?

A

Their sucrose consumption was not affected.

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14
Q

What did the study find about the acquisition of a conditioned flavor aversion when the context was associated with LiCl?

A

It was blocked.

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15
Q

What happens when contextual cues are associated with adverse effects of LiCl?

A

The cues become endowed with aversive properties.

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16
Q

What state is evoked by the context that is associated with adverse effects of LiCl?

A

A state of aversive conditioned taste reactivity.

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17
Q

Should measurement of aversive conditioned taste reactivity include only ingestion of fluid?

A

No, gaping behavior should also be measured.

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18
Q

What did the Stockhorst et al. (1998) study examine?

A

The effects of a saliently tasting beverage before chemotherapy.

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19
Q

What was the result for OV+ patients who received the saliently tasting beverage before chemotherapy?

A

They did not show aversive conditioned taste reactivity.

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20
Q

What was the result for OV- patients who drank water before chemotherapy?

A

The study did not specify the result for OV- patients.

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21
Q

What did Filaratov’s dog exhibit?

A

Persistent excitatory response

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22
Q

According to Balzan et al. (2013), what cognitive mechanism might contribute to the formation and maintenance of delusions?

A

Hyper-salience of evidence matching a hypothesis

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23
Q

What are the three core facets of confirmation bias?

A

Biased search, interpretation, and recall of confirming evidence

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24
Q

What did the study compare?

A

Schizophrenics with history of delusions, non-clinical delusion-prone, and normal controls

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25
What biases in information processing were observed in individuals with schizophrenia and those prone to delusions?
Biased search, biased interpretation, and biased recall
26
What was the response to disconfirmatory evidence in individuals with higher delusional ideation?
Failed to integrate disconfirmatory evidence to modify prior hypotheses
27
What is the relationship between delusions and confirmation biases?
Delusions are more susceptible to confirmation biases.
28
What did Barron et al. (2018) find regarding schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs?
They confirmed a positive association.
29
What is the mediating link between odd beliefs/magical thinking and conspiracist beliefs?
Cognitive insight.
30
What is the mediating link between odd beliefs/magical thinking and conspiracy ideation?
Analytic thinking.
31
What type of questionnaires were used in the study?
Self-report questionnaires.
32
What potential limitation is mentioned with the use of self-report questionnaires?
Lack of introspection.
33
What factors are included in the best fit model to explain conspiracist beliefs?
Schizotypy, paranoid ideation
34
What is the relationship between conspiracy beliefs and feelings of powerlessness?
Associated with feelings of powerlessness in certain social groups
35
What is the potential purpose of belief in conspiracies for some people?
To externalize negative feelings
36
What mental health condition is mentioned as a potential connection to conspiracy beliefs?
Depression
37
What variables predicted schizotypy?
Conspiracy mentality and hyperactive agency detection
38
What is the relationship between schizotypal individuals and conspiracy mentality and hyperactive agency detection?
Schizotypal individuals tend to score higher on both variables
39
What was found within the high conspiracy mentality and high hyperactive agency detection group?
Frequency of participants at risk of psychosis was significantly higher than the lifetime prevalence
40
How can attributing agency to causally ambiguous events affect thinking?
It can drive conspiracist thinking as a framework for interpreting uncertain realities
41
Who were some of the participants in the study?
Some had visited conspiracy websites, while the rest were undergrads
42
What might exposure to conspiracist and supernatural ideas prime?
Paranoia and positive symptoms of schizotypy
43
What do conspiracy theories explain?
Events with multiple causes
44
What is the association between conspiracy beliefs and pattern perception?
Significant correlation
45
According to Mackie (1980), what is causality?
The 'cement of the universe'
46
How does causality enable people to understand and respond to relations between events?
By linking events together in people's minds
47
Why might people associate conspiracies with personal effects like cancer in politicians?
To put themselves at ease
48
What did Whitson & Galinsky (2008) find?
Conspiracy thinking and perception of pattern in noisy visual arrays were affected by a manipulation of perceived control.
49
What is conditioned blocking?
Delay in learning association when the US is already predicted by another stimulus
50
What did Bender et al. (2011) find about conditioned blocking in patients with paranoid schizophrenia?
More conditioned blocking compared to other subtypes of schizophrenia
51
What did Braunstein-Bercowitz (2003) find about latent inhibition (LI) in high schizotypy individuals?
LI attenuated in high schizotypy individuals
52
What are the two independent factors that modulate LI according to Braunstein-Bercowitz (2003)?
Distraction by irrelevant stimuli and ability to switch quickly from perceiving a stimulus as irrelevant to perceiving it as relevant
53
What is schizophrenia associated with?
Deficient attentional inhibition mechanism
54
What did Dykes & McGhie (1976) find in their study?
Schizophrenia participants were better than controls at identifying items presented on the irrelevant channel of a dichotic shadowing task
55
What did the study by Dykes & McGhie (1976) reveal about the sample used?
The sample was predominantly female
56
What was observed in high schizotypy and field-independency in relation to the LI effect?
Reduced LI effect
57
What factors were found to be separate in relation to the LI effect?
High schizotypy and field-independency
58
What is the comparator hypothesis proposed in relation to the LI effect?
LI is caused by an association formed between the stimulus and the context
59
What is the similarity between the comparator hypothesis and Wagner's SOP?
Both suggest interference with the expression of stimulus-outcome association in the second phase
60
What is suggested as a possible explanation for stimuli degrading quicker in schizophrenia?
Unknown, further research needed
61
What is the impact of no longer being in A2 at the start of phase 2?
Can form associations normally or skip A2 completely
62
What did Carson et al. (2003) find regarding high lifetime creative achievers?
They had significantly lower LI scores than low creative achievers
63
What were the findings in the Kamin blocking effect for schizophrenia and its relatives?
Opposite pattern to controls
64
Were the findings for high-SPD significant in the Kamin blocking effect?
Not significant
65
What were the findings in the Psychopathy Lykken study?
Primary sociopaths had less anxiety compared to controls
66
Who scored higher on anxiety scales in the Psychopathy Lykken study?
Neurotic sociopaths
67
(1999) - What is the relationship between low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants and their concern and caring for others as toddlers?
Low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants show lower concern and caring for others as toddlers.
68
(1999) - How does low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants relate to empathy and guilt in childhood?
Low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants show less empathy and guilt in childhood.
69
(2003) - What is the effect of parental warmth and responsiveness on infants' empathic responding?
Parental warmth and responsiveness lead to increases in empathic responding.
70
(2003) - How does exposure to parental warmth and responsiveness affect infants' callous-unemotional traits at a 4-year follow-up?
Exposure to parental warmth and responsiveness leads to decreased callous-unemotional traits at a 4-year follow-up.
71
What is the relationship between corporal punishment and the development of callous interpersonal style in children?
Children exposed to lots of corporal punishment are prone to developing callous interpersonal style.
72
What do Pardini et al. (2007) findings suggest about the temporal stability of CU traits?
CU traits showed moderate temporal stability.
73
According to Pardini et al. (2007), what predicts increases in antisocial behavior?
CU traits predicted increases in antisocial behavior.
74
What were the effects of lower levels of physical punishment and higher levels of parental warmth on CU traits over time?
Lower levels of physical punishment showed decreases in CU traits over time, while higher levels of parental warmth predicted decreases in CU traits.
75
What is the unique relationship between anxiety and CU traits in children with low warmth primary caregivers?
Lower levels of anxiety are related to increased CU traits for children with low warmth primary caregivers.
76
What is the relationship between parental use of corporal punishment and the development of CU traits?
Parental use of corporal punishment is associated with the development of CU traits.
77
What can buffer the effects of parental use of corporal punishment on CU trait development?
High levels of parental warmth and involvement can buffer the effects of parental use of corporal punishment.
78
How many OV= patients showed ANV?
2
79
What did 2 OV= patients experience after OV+?
reduction in post-treatment nausea
80
What is PN not only the result of?
direct effects
81
What did OV+ patients show decelerating HR?
vagal activity
82
What type of patients showed more constant HR?
OV+
83
What kind of drugs don’t reduce ANV?
anti-emetic drugs
84
What is the name of a group of rats that spend time in the cage with plain water or novel taste?
Symonds & Hall
85
What is initially absent but emerges with intermediate amounts of absolute experience?
perception of the illusory correlation
86
What does the Illusory correlation effect reflect?
incomplete learning
87
What should schizophrenia be associated with?
diminished/absent LI effect
88
What is tendency to experience hallucinations?
LSHS
89
How much of the total CAQ variance did within-subjects LI task score alone account for?
13%
90
What type of receptors did patients with chronic schizophrenia still show LI effect?
NDMA receptors
91
Why did patients with chronic schizophrenia still show LI effect?
blockade
92
What type of schizophrenic did not show LI in trials 1-5?
schizophrenics
93
When was LI Braunstein-Bercovitz & Lubow developed?
1998a
94
What is maladaptive and leads to the characteristic motor and mental incoordination of schizophrenia?
cerebellum
95
What were blocking ppts in normal ppts?
LI and Kamin
96
What did schizophrenic patients perform in the control conditions for LI and Kamin blocking tasks?
sig worse
97
What type of children are fered from developing CU traits Herve et al?
low in anxiety
98
What is the difference between psychopaths and non?
Motivational differences
99
What et al. did psychopaths have to match sentences based on?
Birbaumer
100
How many male psychopaths showed no sig activation of limbic-prefrontal circuit?
10
101
What did healthy controls show differential responses to?
CS+ and CS-
102
What did ERPs show psychopaths lacking differentiation between CS+ and CS-?
lacked differentiation between CS+ and CS-

Learning Theory (4 decks)

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