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Learning Theory > limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx (1) > Flashcards

limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Fanselow (1990) find in their study on contextual fear learning?

A

One-trial contextual fear learning

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2
Q

What did the rats show when re-exposed to the chamber where they received a shock?

A

Conditional freezing

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3
Q

Did the rats exhibit conditional freezing in other chambers?

A

No

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4
Q

How did the probability of freezing change with the delay between being placed in the chamber and being shocked?

A

It increased

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5
Q

What was the role of a salient tone in the contextual stimulus?

A

It increased conditioned freezing even for short delays

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6
Q

What is necessary for 1-trial conditioned freezing?

A

Sufficient exposure and a small amount of context exposure that is contiguous with the shock

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7
Q

How does this study relate to ANV (animal name variant)?

A

Possibly reduced exposure to the room where they are given the drug

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8
Q

What effect does pre-exposure to the context have on conditioning to the context?

A

It retards subsequent conditioning (LI effect)

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9
Q

How is the LI effect enhanced in pre-exposure?

A

When rats ingest a novel-flavored solution

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10
Q

What are conditioned gaping reactions?

A

Rat model of nausea

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11
Q

What happened when a rat was given LiCl before being exposed to a distinctive context?

A

They consumed less sucrose in that same context.

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12
Q

What happened when the context had previously been paired with saline for the rats?

A

They consumed more sucrose in that context.

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13
Q

What happened when the rats were placed in a new context?

A

Their sucrose consumption was not affected.

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14
Q

What did the study find about the acquisition of a conditioned flavor aversion when the context was associated with LiCl?

A

It was blocked.

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15
Q

What happens when contextual cues are associated with adverse effects of LiCl?

A

The cues become endowed with aversive properties.

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16
Q

What state is evoked by the context that is associated with adverse effects of LiCl?

A

A state of aversive conditioned taste reactivity.

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17
Q

Should measurement of aversive conditioned taste reactivity include only ingestion of fluid?

A

No, gaping behavior should also be measured.

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18
Q

What did the Stockhorst et al. (1998) study examine?

A

The effects of a saliently tasting beverage before chemotherapy.

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19
Q

What was the result for OV+ patients who received the saliently tasting beverage before chemotherapy?

A

They did not show aversive conditioned taste reactivity.

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20
Q

What was the result for OV- patients who drank water before chemotherapy?

A

The study did not specify the result for OV- patients.

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21
Q

What did Filaratov’s dog exhibit?

A

Persistent excitatory response

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22
Q

According to Balzan et al. (2013), what cognitive mechanism might contribute to the formation and maintenance of delusions?

A

Hyper-salience of evidence matching a hypothesis

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23
Q

What are the three core facets of confirmation bias?

A

Biased search, interpretation, and recall of confirming evidence

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24
Q

What did the study compare?

A

Schizophrenics with history of delusions, non-clinical delusion-prone, and normal controls

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25
Q

What biases in information processing were observed in individuals with schizophrenia and those prone to delusions?

A

Biased search, biased interpretation, and biased recall

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26
Q

What was the response to disconfirmatory evidence in individuals with higher delusional ideation?

A

Failed to integrate disconfirmatory evidence to modify prior hypotheses

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27
Q

What is the relationship between delusions and confirmation biases?

A

Delusions are more susceptible to confirmation biases.

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28
Q

What did Barron et al. (2018) find regarding schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs?

A

They confirmed a positive association.

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29
Q

What is the mediating link between odd beliefs/magical thinking and conspiracist beliefs?

A

Cognitive insight.

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30
Q

What is the mediating link between odd beliefs/magical thinking and conspiracy ideation?

A

Analytic thinking.

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31
Q

What type of questionnaires were used in the study?

A

Self-report questionnaires.

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32
Q

What potential limitation is mentioned with the use of self-report questionnaires?

A

Lack of introspection.

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33
Q

What factors are included in the best fit model to explain conspiracist beliefs?

A

Schizotypy, paranoid ideation

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34
Q

What is the relationship between conspiracy beliefs and feelings of powerlessness?

A

Associated with feelings of powerlessness in certain social groups

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35
Q

What is the potential purpose of belief in conspiracies for some people?

A

To externalize negative feelings

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36
Q

What mental health condition is mentioned as a potential connection to conspiracy beliefs?

A

Depression

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37
Q

What variables predicted schizotypy?

A

Conspiracy mentality and hyperactive agency detection

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38
Q

What is the relationship between schizotypal individuals and conspiracy mentality and hyperactive agency detection?

A

Schizotypal individuals tend to score higher on both variables

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39
Q

What was found within the high conspiracy mentality and high hyperactive agency detection group?

A

Frequency of participants at risk of psychosis was significantly higher than the lifetime prevalence

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40
Q

How can attributing agency to causally ambiguous events affect thinking?

A

It can drive conspiracist thinking as a framework for interpreting uncertain realities

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41
Q

Who were some of the participants in the study?

A

Some had visited conspiracy websites, while the rest were undergrads

42
Q

What might exposure to conspiracist and supernatural ideas prime?

A

Paranoia and positive symptoms of schizotypy

43
Q

What do conspiracy theories explain?

A

Events with multiple causes

44
Q

What is the association between conspiracy beliefs and pattern perception?

A

Significant correlation

45
Q

According to Mackie (1980), what is causality?

A

The ‘cement of the universe’

46
Q

How does causality enable people to understand and respond to relations between events?

A

By linking events together in people’s minds

47
Q

Why might people associate conspiracies with personal effects like cancer in politicians?

A

To put themselves at ease

48
Q

What did Whitson & Galinsky (2008) find?

A

Conspiracy thinking and perception of pattern in noisy visual arrays were affected by a manipulation of perceived control.

49
Q

What is conditioned blocking?

A

Delay in learning association when the US is already predicted by another stimulus

50
Q

What did Bender et al. (2011) find about conditioned blocking in patients with paranoid schizophrenia?

A

More conditioned blocking compared to other subtypes of schizophrenia

51
Q

What did Braunstein-Bercowitz (2003) find about latent inhibition (LI) in high schizotypy individuals?

A

LI attenuated in high schizotypy individuals

52
Q

What are the two independent factors that modulate LI according to Braunstein-Bercowitz (2003)?

A

Distraction by irrelevant stimuli and ability to switch quickly from perceiving a stimulus as irrelevant to perceiving it as relevant

53
Q

What is schizophrenia associated with?

A

Deficient attentional inhibition mechanism

54
Q

What did Dykes & McGhie (1976) find in their study?

A

Schizophrenia participants were better than controls at identifying items presented on the irrelevant channel of a dichotic shadowing task

55
Q

What did the study by Dykes & McGhie (1976) reveal about the sample used?

A

The sample was predominantly female

56
Q

What was observed in high schizotypy and field-independency in relation to the LI effect?

A

Reduced LI effect

57
Q

What factors were found to be separate in relation to the LI effect?

A

High schizotypy and field-independency

58
Q

What is the comparator hypothesis proposed in relation to the LI effect?

A

LI is caused by an association formed between the stimulus and the context

59
Q

What is the similarity between the comparator hypothesis and Wagner’s SOP?

A

Both suggest interference with the expression of stimulus-outcome association in the second phase

60
Q

What is suggested as a possible explanation for stimuli degrading quicker in schizophrenia?

A

Unknown, further research needed

61
Q

What is the impact of no longer being in A2 at the start of phase 2?

A

Can form associations normally or skip A2 completely

62
Q

What did Carson et al. (2003) find regarding high lifetime creative achievers?

A

They had significantly lower LI scores than low creative achievers

63
Q

What were the findings in the Kamin blocking effect for schizophrenia and its relatives?

A

Opposite pattern to controls

64
Q

Were the findings for high-SPD significant in the Kamin blocking effect?

A

Not significant

65
Q

What were the findings in the Psychopathy Lykken study?

A

Primary sociopaths had less anxiety compared to controls

66
Q

Who scored higher on anxiety scales in the Psychopathy Lykken study?

A

Neurotic sociopaths

67
Q

(1999) - What is the relationship between low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants and their concern and caring for others as toddlers?

A

Low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants show lower concern and caring for others as toddlers.

68
Q

(1999) - How does low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants relate to empathy and guilt in childhood?

A

Low anxiety and physiological arousal in infants show less empathy and guilt in childhood.

69
Q

(2003) - What is the effect of parental warmth and responsiveness on infants’ empathic responding?

A

Parental warmth and responsiveness lead to increases in empathic responding.

70
Q

(2003) - How does exposure to parental warmth and responsiveness affect infants’ callous-unemotional traits at a 4-year follow-up?

A

Exposure to parental warmth and responsiveness leads to decreased callous-unemotional traits at a 4-year follow-up.

71
Q

What is the relationship between corporal punishment and the development of callous interpersonal style in children?

A

Children exposed to lots of corporal punishment are prone to developing callous interpersonal style.

72
Q

What do Pardini et al. (2007) findings suggest about the temporal stability of CU traits?

A

CU traits showed moderate temporal stability.

73
Q

According to Pardini et al. (2007), what predicts increases in antisocial behavior?

A

CU traits predicted increases in antisocial behavior.

74
Q

What were the effects of lower levels of physical punishment and higher levels of parental warmth on CU traits over time?

A

Lower levels of physical punishment showed decreases in CU traits over time, while higher levels of parental warmth predicted decreases in CU traits.

75
Q

What is the unique relationship between anxiety and CU traits in children with low warmth primary caregivers?

A

Lower levels of anxiety are related to increased CU traits for children with low warmth primary caregivers.

76
Q

What is the relationship between parental use of corporal punishment and the development of CU traits?

A

Parental use of corporal punishment is associated with the development of CU traits.

77
Q

What can buffer the effects of parental use of corporal punishment on CU trait development?

A

High levels of parental warmth and involvement can buffer the effects of parental use of corporal punishment.

78
Q

How many OV= patients showed ANV?

A

2

79
Q

What did 2 OV= patients experience after OV+?

A

reduction in post-treatment nausea

80
Q

What is PN not only the result of?

A

direct effects

81
Q

What did OV+ patients show decelerating HR?

A

vagal activity

82
Q

What type of patients showed more constant HR?

A

OV+

83
Q

What kind of drugs don’t reduce ANV?

A

anti-emetic drugs

84
Q

What is the name of a group of rats that spend time in the cage with plain water or novel taste?

A

Symonds & Hall

85
Q

What is initially absent but emerges with intermediate amounts of absolute experience?

A

perception of the illusory correlation

86
Q

What does the Illusory correlation effect reflect?

A

incomplete learning

87
Q

What should schizophrenia be associated with?

A

diminished/absent LI effect

88
Q

What is tendency to experience hallucinations?

A

LSHS

89
Q

How much of the total CAQ variance did within-subjects LI task score alone account for?

A

13%

90
Q

What type of receptors did patients with chronic schizophrenia still show LI effect?

A

NDMA receptors

91
Q

Why did patients with chronic schizophrenia still show LI effect?

A

blockade

92
Q

What type of schizophrenic did not show LI in trials 1-5?

A

schizophrenics

93
Q

When was LI Braunstein-Bercovitz & Lubow developed?

A

1998a

94
Q

What is maladaptive and leads to the characteristic motor and mental incoordination of schizophrenia?

A

cerebellum

95
Q

What were blocking ppts in normal ppts?

A

LI and Kamin

96
Q

What did schizophrenic patients perform in the control conditions for LI and Kamin blocking tasks?

A

sig worse

97
Q

What type of children are fered from developing CU traits Herve et al?

A

low in anxiety

98
Q

What is the difference between psychopaths and non?

A

Motivational differences

99
Q

What et al. did psychopaths have to match sentences based on?

A

Birbaumer

100
Q

How many male psychopaths showed no sig activation of limbic-prefrontal circuit?

A

10

101
Q

What did healthy controls show differential responses to?

A

CS+ and CS-

102
Q

What did ERPs show psychopaths lacking differentiation between CS+ and CS-?

A

lacked differentiation between CS+ and CS-

Learning Theory (4 decks)

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