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Learning Theory > limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx > Flashcards

limbiks_Learning Theory Collection revision.docx Flashcards

1
Q

Question

A

Answer

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2
Q

What is the Bobo doll study by Bandura (1965)?

A

Study on observational learning and aggression

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3
Q

What does Ferguson (2008) suggest about the link between violent video games and actual aggression?

A

Insufficient evidence for this link

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4
Q

What did Kuhn et al. (2019) find in their study on video games and aggression?

A

No significant changes in a range of outcomes

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5
Q

What were some limitations of Kuhn et al.’s (2019) study on video games and aggression?

A

Volunteer participants and short-term effects

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6
Q

According to the text, has there been a correlation between the increase in violent video games and violent crimes?

A

No, violent crimes have decreased

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trust in NHS covid information?

A

Higher number of ACEs related to less trust

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8
Q

What is the relationship between the number of ACEs and feeling unfairly restricted by the government?

A

Higher number of ACEs related to feeling unfairly restricted

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the number of ACEs and breaking COVID restrictions?

A

Higher number of ACEs related to breaking restrictions

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the number of ACEs and vaccine hesitancy?

A

4+ ACEs associated with 3-fold higher vaccine hesitancy

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11
Q

According to Hume (1789), how can the cause of depression be studied?

A

Cause needs to be inferred, can’t be observed directly

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12
Q

What is the reformulation of the existing learned helplessness theory?

A

et al. (1978) - The previous theory cannot distinguish between universal and personal helplessness and does not explain generalization or specificity of helplessness.

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13
Q

What are the three deficits associated with learned helplessness?

A

Motivational, cognitive, and emotional deficits.

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14
Q

What do uncontrollable positive events produce according to Griffiths et al. (1977)?

A

Motivational and cognitive deficits.

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15
Q

What did Blanco et al. (2012) find?

A

Probability of response was a mediator between depressive symptoms and judgements of control.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between probability of response and judgements of control?

A

Judgements of control were no longer mood dependent when probability of response was directly manipulated.

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17
Q

What was the role of instructions in the study?

A

Differences in judgements of control were due to probability of response, not just the instructions.

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18
Q

What did Byrom et al. (2015) study?

A

Perceiving one’s causal control

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19
Q

Why is perceiving causal control important for adaptive behavior?

A

Increased behavior and perceived control

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20
Q

What were the two pathways of causal perception that might be compromised in depression?

A

Levels of behavior and sensitivity to availability of outcomes - Byrom et al. (2015)

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21
Q

What did Byrom et al. find regarding the effects of P(O) in individuals with low BDI scores?

A

Effects were constant

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22
Q

What did Byrom et al. find regarding the perception of actions as controlling in individuals with high P(O)?

A

Actions were perceived as more strongly controlling

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23
Q

What was the finding in a clinical sample regarding the perception of control in patients with MDD?

A

Patients with MDD underestimated control in a contingent situation and were always more negative in judgments than non-depressed participants.

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24
Q

Why were depressed individuals less likely to overestimate control in a non-contingent situation?

A

They perceive less reinforcement.

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25
Q

Do depressed individuals use the appropriate logical heuristic to generate judgments of control?

A

No, they rely on different primitive heuristics compared to non-depressed individuals.

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26
Q

How are judgements distorted in depression?

A

In a negative fashion

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27
Q

Why might there be an increase in ratings despite no contingency?

A

Expectation of a rise in judgements as a function of outcome frequency/salience

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28
Q

Why does the expectation of a rise in judgements decrease towards the actual contingency?

A

Trials may not have been long enough

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29
Q

What did Braver et al. (2005) find in their study?

A

Reduced proactive control in depression

30
Q

What was the effect of depression on performance in the short delay task?

A

Improved performance with less errors

31
Q

What did Msetfi et al. (2007) find in their study?

A

Depressed people less sensitive to differences in contingence and contextual exposure

32
Q

Were anxiety, stress, and rumination related to errors?

A

No, they were unrelated to errors

33
Q

What did the study by Msetfi et al. (2012) find about the ability of mildly depressed individuals to discriminate between two durations?

A

Mildly depressed individuals were worse than controls at discriminating between longer durations but just as good as controls in discriminating between shorter intervals.

34
Q

What did the study by Hodder & Osmond (1962) find about the perception of time in depressed individuals?

A

Depressed individuals often experience time passing more slowly than usual and events separated in time may appear closer together.

35
Q

What was the main difference in causal learning between high and low depression?

A

Contextual learning differences

36
Q

What effect did time have on causality ratings in high BDI groups?

A

Time effects made the ratings stronger

37
Q

What is the possible reason for the stronger ratings in high BDI groups?

A

Slowed time perception

38
Q

What was the main factor influencing the strength of context associations?

A

Extended exposure to context

39
Q

What is the potential impact of emotion dysregulation and heightened emotional reactivity?

A

Distorting temporal coding mechanism

40
Q

Which brain regions may be involved in distorting temporal coding mechanism?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

41
Q

What type of cells are present in the amygdala-hippocampal projections?

A

Time cells

42
Q

What do the amygdalar-hippocampal projections compete with?

A

Incoming temporal context info

43
Q

What did Campbell et al. (1964) find regarding conditioned responses?

A

CR becomes stronger despite repeated extinction trials

44
Q

What did Bouton et al. (2001) suggest regarding panic disorder?

A

Panic disorder develops due to exposure to panic attacks

45
Q

What did Cohen-Kadosh et al. find regarding panic attacks?

A

Thoughts can become verbal CS associated with panic attacks

46
Q

What were the findings of the study regarding low anxious adolescents and fear-potentiated startle?

A

Low anxious adolescents showed higher levels of fear-potentiated startle to faces relative to rooms.- Cohen-Kadosh et al. (2015)

47
Q

What were the findings of the study regarding high anxious adolescents and fear-potentiated startle?

A

High anxious adolescents showed similar startle between rooms and faces, but highest startle to no-scream condition and least startle to unpredictable condition.

48
Q

What is the association between high trait anxiety development and cue/context associations?

A

High trait anxiety development is associated with inability to disambiguate the signalling roles of cues and contexts, and a mislabelling of safety or ambiguous signals.

49
Q

What is the effect of placebo presented as propranolol on participants with spider phobia?

A

Participants were more willing to approach the tarantula and physically moved closer to it despite higher levels of fear.

50
Q

What did Field et al. (2008) find about vicarious fear learning in younger children?

A

Younger children formed stronger animal-threat and animal-safe associations because of threat and positive verbal info.

51
Q

What did Gerull & Rapee (2002) find about the influence of mothers on fear expressions and avoidance in children?

A

Children showed more fear expressions and avoidance after negative reactions from their mothers.

52
Q

What did Cook & Mineka (1989) find about the effect of a mother’s fear expression on a child’s behavior?

A

Expression of fear and/or disgust by rhesus mothers led to stronger avoidance behavior in the child.

53
Q

What did Merckelback et al. (1993) find about phobics high in disgust sensitivity?

A

No difference in conditioning incidents reported compared to phobics low in disgust sensitivity

54
Q

What did Levey & Martin (1987) find about pairing neutral pictures with positive or negative pictures?

A

Neutral CS acquires affective qualities of the US without participant awareness

55
Q

What did Ten Berge et al. (2002) find about dental fear and dental experiences?

A

Weak association between dental fear and number of extractions, no relation with fillings

56
Q

What did Bernstein et al. (1982) find about children with ANV?

A

children who were given a novel flavoured ice cream before chemo drugs which cause nausea and vomiting were less likely to choose that ice cream afterwards, compared to controls

57
Q

What is the only difference between learning helplessness and learning helplessness after uncontrollable -ve events?

A

lack of emotional deficit

58
Q

Yule et al. (1990)

A

teen survivors of a sinking cruise ship had excess fear relating to ships and water, and in some cases these fears generalised to other methods of transport

59
Q

Dollinger et al. (1984)

A

children who were survivors of severe lightning-strike showed more intense fears to thunderstorms, lightning and tornadoes, compared to controls

60
Q

Who criticised the conditioning model of phobias?

A

Rachman

61
Q

Davey et al., 1993 - phobias

A

the event wasn’t traumatic at the time, but later re-evaluation of the US

62
Q

What can implicit emotional memories activate without the individual being aware of what is triggering it?

A

fear system

63
Q

What resulted in improved self-efficacy beliefs about tolerating fear when encountering a spider?

A

placebo

64
Q

Field & Scorah (2007) -vicarious learning of fear

A

conducted an experiment with children aged 6-9, where they presented the child with 3 novel animals, each paired with threat info, positive info, or no info, and then asked the children to put their hands into boxes that they believed contained each of these animals. They found that average HR was significantly higher when the box contained the animal with threat info compared to the control animal

65
Q

How many novel animals did Field & Scorah present the child with?

A

3

66
Q

What was the reason the box didn’t contain the animal?

A

the information they had been given was not correct

67
Q

What drugs cause nausea and vomiting?

A

chemo drugs

68
Q

What was tested for novel foods in 1982?

A

ANV

69
Q

What did the chemo patients find to block the association between nausea and the previously eaten meal?

A

a novel ice cream flavour

70
Q

What is conditioning mediated by?

A

anxiety level

71
Q

Dolgin et al., 1985- anxiety & ANV

A

highly anxious people are more vigilant to their environments, so might condition quicker

Learning Theory (4 decks)

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