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Neuro > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the limbic system comprised of? (Cortical components)
(Mnemonic: Paranoid Children (can’t) Sleep )

A

Parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and subcallosal gyrus

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2
Q

What are the subcortical structures of the limbic system?
(Mnemonic: Hippos Are Hypothermic & Ants See Nothing)

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, septal nuclei, anterior nucleus of thalamus and nucleus accumbens

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3
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls autonomic functions (hunger, temp etc), sexual behavior, and body’s response to stress

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4
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus ?

A

Episodic memory (stored in long term memory), spatial navigation, and learning and emotions

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5
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the hippocampus?

A

CA1,2&3

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6
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala ?

A

Emotional responses: happiness, fear, anger, and anxiety

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7
Q

What are other important roles of the amygdala ?

A

Formation of new memories—> amygdala interacts with the hippocampus by attaching emotional content to memories
Fear learning —> fight/flight

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens ?

A

Pleasure, reward and addiction

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9
Q

Where is the septal nuclei located and function ?

A

In front of lamina terminalis
Important pleasure area

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10
Q

What is the function of the mammillary body? And if damaged?

A

Formation of memory
-anterograde amnesia

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11
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Required for decision making

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12
Q

What is the function of the olfactory gyrus?

A

Smell

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13
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Maternal behavior and emotion

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14
Q

Explain the circle of papez

A

Hippocampus—> (via fornix) mammillary body—> anterior nucleus of thalamus—>Cingular gyrus—> hippocampus

Turning episodic memory to long term memory

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15
Q

What happens if circle of papez is damaged?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome
-anterograde amnesia

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16
Q

Explain Alzheimer’s disease

A

Results from neuronal degradation (starts in hippocampus )
-Insidious onset, progressive memory impairment, mood alterations, disorientation, aphasia, apraxia, and soon bed ridden and death
-5-10% cases are hereditary

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17
Q

What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome and what are some results?

A

Bilateral lesions if the amygdala and hippocampus
Results: reduced fear, tameness, not easily excited or angry, visual defects, dietary changes, placing things in mouth, hyper metamorphosis, anterograde amnesia , excessive sex drive

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18
Q

What is anterograde amnesia ?

A

Bilateral damage to medial temporal lobes including hippocampus
-can’t acquire new info
-evident in early Alzheimer’s

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19
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

A memory disorder with vitamin B 1 deficiency, associated with alcoholism
-follows an acute presentation of wernicke encephalopathy
-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome : presents with lesions found in the mammillary bodies and the dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus
- patients exhibit : anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia and confabulation

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20
Q

Define emotion

A

Manifestation of subjective feelings by stimulus

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21
Q

What are the two components of emotion?

A

Mental and physical

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22
Q

Where is the center for physical of emotion?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

what are the two modalities of the physical component?

A
  1. Exteriorization –External manifestation (such as widening of
    palpebrae), dilation of pupil, change in respiration, sweating &
    piloerection etc.)
  2. Interiorization –Internal changes such as change in Heart rate,
    Blood Pressure, Gastrointestinal tract function etc
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24
Q

What are the three modalities of mental component and what are their meanings?

A

-Cognition: awareness of sensation/stimulus and its cause
-Affect: the feeling itself ((affective nature of sensation are
pleasant/ unpleasant & accordingly affective qualities are
reward/punishment)
-Conation: the urge to act (depending on the affect)

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25
Q

What are some emotional modalities?

A

fear, rage/anger, sham rage, sexual behavior, reward area (pleasure area), punishment area (avoidance area), motivation, placidity and tameness

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26
Q

What are the fear inducing areas and what are the exteriorizations and interiorizations?

A

Posterior hypothalamus and amygdala
exteriorizations: sweating, dilated pupils, movement of hand from side to side (behavior-avoidance/fleeing reaction)
interiorization: increased sympathetic activity, HR, BP, defecation and micturition reflexes (autonomic spinal cord reflex)

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27
Q

What are the rage inducing areas and what are the inhibiting areas, exteriorizations and interiorizations ?

A

periventricular area and the fibers connecting it to the hypothalamus
inhibiting areas: neocortex, septum, hippocampus and cingulate
exteriorization: extend claws, lift of tail, Hiss sound, spit, growl,
develop piloerection, wide opening of eyes, pupillary dilation,
develop a defensive posture, slightest provocation cause an
immediate savage attack
Interiorization – increase sympathetic activity, HR, BP etc.

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28
Q

What is sham rage and a lesion in what areas of the brain causes this phenomenon?

A

False rage, has only physical component, mental components are absent; showing rage for any type of stimulus
-Diencephalon and forebrain lesion cause sham-rage

29
Q

What is placidity and tameness and where are the inducing areas?

A

Opposite of rage; person doesn’t get angry easily
inducing areas: ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, septal area, and amygdala

30
Q

What is motivation? What is primary and secondary motivated behaviors?

A

The urge to do a particular work; depends on stimulation of the reward/punishment area by pleasant/unpleasant stimulus
-Primary motivated behavior: directly related to homeostasis
-Secondary motivated behavior: indirectly related to homeostasis and is influenced by habit, learning, intellect and emotional factors

31
Q

What and where are the reward areas?

A

-Electrode implanted these areas; animal does self-stimulation quite
often.
-prefrontal cortex, medial fore-brain bundle, ventromedial hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum area and the fibers connecting them

32
Q

What and where are the punishment areas?

A

-Electrode implant in these area, animal avoid self-stimulation
-Avoidance area are;
- Lateral portion of posterior hypothalamus
- Dorsal mid-brain grey area (periventricular area)
- Entorhinal cortex

33
Q

In lower animals, sexual behavior is the function of _____

A

sex hormones

34
Q

In higher animals, sexual behavior is the function of ____

A

CNS (mainly limbic system)

35
Q

Removal of ____ inhibits sexual behavior

A

neo-cortex

36
Q

Lesion of piriform cortex and amygdala cause ___ in sexual activity

A

increase

37
Q

What structure causes an erection ?

A

Stimulation of medial fore-brain bundle

38
Q

Cingulate gyrus and retro-splenial portion cause_____ maternal behavior

A

Depressed

39
Q

Define learning and memory

A

learning: ability to alter one’s behavior on the basis of experience; acquisition of info
Memory: retention, storage, and retrieval of info learned

40
Q

Basis for learning and memory is _____

A

Neuronal/synaptic plasticity

41
Q

Types of synaptic plasticity

A

long term potentiation, sensitization, habituation, and post-tetanic potentiation, long-term depression

42
Q

Define post-tetanic potentiation

A

–application of same stimulus repeatedly increase the post-synaptic response which lasts up to 60s (due to accumulation of Ca2+ in pre-synaptic terminals)

43
Q

Define habituation

A

– Is a simple form of learning. With repeated stimulus gradual decrease post-synaptic response (due to inactivation of Calcium channels in the pre-synaptic terminals).
Habituation is a classic example of nonassociative learning

44
Q

Define sensitization

A

Habituated stimulus when paired with a noxious stimulus
repeatedly cause augmented postsynaptic response (noxious stimulus
cause pre-synaptic facilitation)

45
Q

Define long-term potentiation

A

repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron enhance synaptic transmission (Here changes take place in the postsynaptic neuron).
It is prolonged & last for days due to increase intracellular Ca2+ in the post-synaptic neuron. Example –In hippocampus (helps in memory formation).

46
Q

Define long term depression

A

Noted in the hippocampus but occurs throughout the brain in the same
fibers as LTP. LTD is the opposite of LTP. It resembles LTP in many ways, but it is characterized by a decrease in synaptic strength. It is produced by
slower stimulation of presynaptic neurons and is associated with a
smaller rise in intracellular Ca2+. It may be part of the mechanism by
which learning occurs in the cerebellum.

47
Q

What are the types of learning?

A

Non-associative, associative, and trial and error

48
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Inborn reflex, learn about a single stimulus; stimulus not paired w/behavior
Eg: habituation or sensitization

49
Q

Associative learning

A

Also called Conditioned reflex; Acquired reflex, learn about multiple stimulus
-To elucidate this reflex, the condition stimulus should be paired
with unconditioned stimulus
-It is said to be simplest form of learning processes
- CR may be Excitatory CR or Positive CR or Primary CR &
Inhibitory CR or Negative CR or Secondary CR

50
Q

What is memory trace?

A

New pathways developed for transmission signals through the neural
circuits of brain due to neuronal plasticity ; can develop both cortical and subcortical levels

51
Q

Memory traces developed at the cortical level is associated with ______

A

intellectual memory

52
Q

Memory traces developed at the subcortical level is associated with ____

A

habitual memory

53
Q

Reverberating circuit theory

A

Reverberating circuit connects cortex with sub-cortical & brain stem nuclei.
Continuous discharge for certain length of time (up to 1 hour) in this circuit, even after the stimulus is withdrawn, cause formation of
memory.

54
Q

Physiological basis for development of memory

A
    1. Alteration in synaptic transmission.
    1. RNA mechanism within neural circuit.
    1. Role of glial & extra neural mechanism –glial & mucopolysaccharides
      surrounding a synapse changes due to functional activity of the synapse
    1. Molecular encoding –key to memory formation is alteration in the
      strength of selected synaptic connections involves protein synthesis by
      activation of genes
55
Q

Types of memory

A

Short term and long term memory

56
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Mechanism which mediates memories of recent events that occurred
seconds to hours or days before

57
Q

Two forms of short term memory

A
    1. Instantaneous memory (Immediate short-term memory) – amount
      of information a person can respond or repeat back immediately
    1. Working memory – longer form of short-term Memory.
58
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Mechanism which recall the memories of remote past

59
Q

Two types of long term memory

A
  1. Declarative memory or conscious memory – for events, facts, images &
    propositions (for explicit memory)
  2. Non-declarative memory or unconscious memory or Procedural memory for procedures to do cognitive operations (for implicit memory)
60
Q

Differences between long term and short term memory

A

Short term memory: 1. Remembered only for few days
2. Impaired by neurological diseases
or injuries
3. Electrical shock abolishes this
4. Temporal lobe lesion cause loss of
this

Long term memory:
1. Remembered throughout life
2. Persist even in serious brain
damage
3. Electrical shock does not affect
4. Temporal lobe lesion does not
affect

61
Q

Two forms of memory

A

Implicit memory- or Non-declarative memory or Unconscious
memory or Reflexive memory or Habit memory

Explicit memory- or Declarative memory or Conscious
memory or Recognition memory or Awareness memory

62
Q

Explicit memory

A

-Associated with consciousness & awareness.
-declarative, conscious, encoding at hippocampus, recognition, awareness, episodic and semantic
* Formation depend upon Hippocampus & portion of medial
temporal lobe

63
Q

Two forms of explicit memory

A
  • Episodic memory –memory for events
  • Semantic memory – for words, rules & languages etc
64
Q

Implicit memory

A
  • Totally unconscious memory.
  • Formation does not process through Hippocampus (through various
    other areas).
    Non declarative, unconcious, cerebellum and striatum, reflexive, habit, procedural
  • Encoding (pathway) involves striatum & cerebellum
    Includes –
    1. Non-associative learning –Habituation (negative memory) &
      Sensitization (positive memory)
    1. Associative learning – Classical condition reflex, Operant
      condition reflex, skills, habits & priming
      Example –cycling, typing, driving etc.
65
Q

Defects in memory

A

retrograde and anterograde amnesia, lesions of papez circuit
confabulation, de’javu, ADHD, PTSD, Parkinson’s, dementia

66
Q

What structure is an important pathway for communication between the limbic system and the brain stem?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

67
Q

What type of memory is involved with the hippocampus?

A

Remote or long term memory

68
Q

What happens if there is a problem with thalamus?

A

Retrograde amnesia

Neuro (4 decks)

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