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Neuro > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diencephalon split into and what separates them?

A

Ventral and dorsal and separated by hypothalamic sulcus

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2
Q

What makes up the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus

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3
Q

What makes up the ventral aspect of the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus and subthalamus

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4
Q

What divides that thalamus externally and internally?

A

Grey and white matter

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5
Q

What are the parts of the thalamus?

A

Ventral lateral thalamic nuclei
Ventral posterolateral nuclei
Ventral posteromedial nuclei
Lateral geniculate nuclei
Medial geniculate nuclei
Dorsal medial nuclei

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6
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis: regulating appetite, temp, circadian rhythm, and growth

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7
Q

What is the function of the ventral lateral thalamus nuclei ?

A

For coordination
Input: cerebellum and basal ganglia
Output: Pimary motor cortex

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8
Q

What are the functions of the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei ?

A

LGN: vision; involves the superior colliculi and CN 2, optic chiasm and optic tract
Output: primary visual cortex
MGN: auditory; involves the inferior colliculi and superior olive
Output: auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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9
Q

What are the functions of the ventral posterolateral nuclei and ventral posteromedial nuclei?

A

VPL: concerned with spinothalamic and dorsal column tracts ; proprioception, fine touch, pain, temp, vibration
Destination: primary somatosensory cortex
VPM: concerned with trigeminal tract; face sensation and taste
Destination : primary somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the LGN?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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11
Q

The thalamus carries all sensation except for ___?

A

Olfactory

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12
Q

What are the parts of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, anterior nucleus, posterior nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuade nucleus, dorsal medial nucleus, Supra optic and paraventricular nuclei, pre optic nucleus , and mammillary body

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13
Q

What is the function of the lateral and ventromedial nucleus and what are they stimulated by

A

Lateral: Regulates hunger; gherlin and inhibited by leptin
VM: regulates satiety (inhibits eating) ; leptin

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14
Q

What are the functions of the anterior and posterior nucleus?

A

Anterior: regulates cooling ; parasympathetic
Posterior: regulates heating ; sympathetic

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15
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Regulates circadian rhythms

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16
Q

What regulates the sleep-wake cycle via release of melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

17
Q

What happens if the lateral and ventromedial nuclei are damaged?

A

Lateral: Anorexia
VM: Seen in obesity ; hyperphagia

18
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ?
(Mnemonic: SAD POX )

A

Synthesize ADH and oxytocin

19
Q

What is the function of the pre optic nucleus and what happens if damaged?

A

Thermoregulation, sexual behavior , releases GnRH
-diesease: Kallman syndrome (low GnRH- thus low FSH and LH )
-in males: cryptochidism
-in females: primary amenorrhea after puberty
-anosmia: complete loss of sense of smell

20
Q

Lesions involving hippocampus are associated with what amnesia?

A

Anterograde

21
Q

Oral fixation and visual agnosia are associated with lesions of which structure?

A

Amygdala

22
Q

What is the function of arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and what happens if there is a lesion ?

A

Secretion of dopamine; inhibits prolactin
Lesion: increase prolactin ( prolactin inhibits GnRH)

23
Q

What is the function of the mammillary body and what happens if there is a lesion?

A

Function: episodic memory
Lesion: Wernicke encephalopathy

24
Q

Insomnia after a long flight is due to dyssynchrony of which structure?

A

Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus

25
Q

What is diabetes insipidus ?

A

Results from lesion of supraoptic nucleus or from interruption of the nervous pathway to the posterior lobe of hypophysis

26
Q

What are the disorders of temperature regulation?

A

Heat exhaustion
Nonexertional heatstroke
Exertional heatstroke
Mild hypothermia
Moderate hypothermia
Severe hypothermia

27
Q

Explain heat exhaustion

A

Temp less than or equal to 104 F
No deficits in central neurologic functioning

28
Q

Explain nonexertional heatstroke

A

Temp greater than 104F
Bimodal distribution
Deficits in central neurologic functioning
+/- absence of diaphoresis

29
Q

Explain exertional heatstroke

A

Temp greater than 104F
In healthy adults
Deficits in central neurologic functioning

30
Q

What are the lesions of the thalamus ?

A

-sensory loss : VPM and VPL
-Thalamic pain syndrome : may happen in patient recovering from thalamic infract. Pain sensation may be aroused from light touch or cold
-choreo-athetosis with ataxia may follow with vascular lesions

Neuro (4 decks)

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