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Neuroscience > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major functions of the limbic system?

A

Homeostasis
Olfactory
Memory
Emotions and drive

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2
Q

Where can the hypothalamus be found

A

posterior to the optic chiasm and ventral to the thalamus (separated via the hypothalamic sulcus)

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3
Q

what are the major components of the hypothalamus?

A

many nuclei
tuber cereneum
mammillary bodies
infundibulum

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4
Q

what are the major functions of the hypothalamus? (HEAL)

A

endocrine and autonomic control, limbic mechanisms

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5
Q

what are the major inputs to the hypothalamus and their functions?

A

solitary nucleus: BP/HR
reticular formation and spinal cord: thermal regulation (ant-dissipates heat, post conserves it)
retinal pathways : day/night> circadian rhythm
limbic system (consumption: medial-inhib, lat-stim)
circumventricular organs: osmolality and toxins

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6
Q

Explain the anatomy and physiology behind circadian rhythms.

A

NIGHT: suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to hypothalamic nuclei +pineal gland> body temp reg and sleep hormones

day:posterior hypothalamic nucleic/ glutamatergic,hist, and orexin neurons>arousal

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7
Q

List the major outputs to the hypothalamus and what their specific functions are.

A

autonomic system: projects to PNS and SNS
endocrine system :pituitary gland
limbic system: reciprocal connex w/ hippocampus and amygdala

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8
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

inferior to the infundibulum; separated into 2 parts

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9
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Ant: produces 6 hormones (LH, FSH, HGH, Adrenaline, Prolactin, TSH)

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10
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Post: relays ant’s hormones and modulates oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in the hypothalamus

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11
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulate adrenal cortex> maintains BP, electrolyte balance, promote glucose metabolization

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12
Q

growth hormone (HGH)

A

organs produce insulin-like growth factors, long bone growth +other tissues

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13
Q

prolactin

A

stim mammary glands for lactation

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14
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulate thyroid for T3 and T4; promote cellular metabolism

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15
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

regulate ovarian hormones for ovulation and oocyte production

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16
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

regulate testosterone and spermatogenesis in males

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17
Q

Post: oxytocin

A

smooth contractions in the breast for milk letdown and uterus for labor; compassion and social bonding…?

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18
Q

Post: vasopressin

A

water retention> controls urine output to regulate BP

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19
Q

Where are the primary cortical regions involved in olfaction, and what are each of their roles in the processing and integration of smell?

A

Primary olfactory cortex

-piriform and periamygdaloid cortices: intricately bound to memory and emotion

20
Q

What are our 3 types of memory?

A

less than a second (attention)
seconds to minutes (working memory)
minutes to years (consolidation)

21
Q

where do we store info for attention/registration?

A

brainstem-diencephalic junction
frontoparietal association cortices
unimodal and heteromodal assn cortices

22
Q

where do we store info for our working memory?

A

frontal assn cortices

unimodal ad heteromodal cortices

23
Q

where do we store info for our consolidation?

A

medial temporal and diencephalic structures***

unimodal and heteromodal assn cortices

24
Q

What type of memory is our limbic system involved with in?

A

declarative (facts and events)

25
Q

Where are the major limbic memory centers located?

A

medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalic memory areas

26
Q

where is the hippocampal formation and what does it do?

A

composed of the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and the subiculum; long term memory

27
Q

what is the parahippocampal gyrus and what does it do?

A

entorhinal (rostrally) and parahippocampal (caudally); memory encoding and retrieval

28
Q

where is the perirhinal cortex and what does it do?

A

recognition and identification of environmental stimuli

29
Q

List the major inputs to the medial temporal lobe memory structures .

A

ENTORHINAL cortex: heteromodal assn area
contralateral hippocampus
Basal forebrain and septal nuclei

30
Q

what is the function of input arising from the entorhinal cortex?

A

higher order info for memory storage

31
Q

what is the function of input arising from the basal forebrain and septal nuclei?

A

ACh projections for neuromodulation (excitability and synaptic plasticity)
hippocampal theta rhythm: possible short-term storage and additional support?

32
Q

List the major outputs of the medial temporal lobe memory structures.

A

entorhinal cortex>heteromodal assn

medial diencephalic structures (via inf thalamic peduncle and fornix)

33
Q

what is the function of output arising from the entorhinal cortex?

A

heteromodal assn

34
Q

what is the function of output arising from the medial diencephalic structures via the inf thalamic peduncle?

A

working memory/executive fn and long term? memory;

35
Q

where is the fornix and what is it’s function

A

medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere underneath the corpus callosum; connects hippocampus w/ subcortical areas

36
Q

What are the major targets of fibers traveling through the fornix?

A

mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
anterior nucleus of the thalamus
septal nuclei (modulation)

37
Q

How are temporal poles involved in memory?

A

-social and emotional processing
Left: meanings, names, general impersonal facts
Right: personal and episodic memory ~socially and emotionally relevant memories

38
Q

What is the major structure associated with emotion and drive? How does it function in this regard?

A

the amygdala; tons of bidirectional connections

39
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the olfactory system/hypothalamus?

A

appetitive states, emotional and motivational aspects of smell

40
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the brainstem/hypothalamus?

A 
autonomic control (initiation of fight/flight),
note the connection to the brainstem is mainly efferent
41
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus?

A

fear reflex and emotional learning

42
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the limbic cortex/hypothalamus?

A

neuroendocrinological modulation; changes in emotional states (commonly seen in breastfeeding

43
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the uncus?

A

olfaction, emotions, new memories

44
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the hippocampal formation?

A

emotional aspects of memory, esp fear-inducing events

45
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the septal nuclei/basal forebrain?

A

processing rewarding or pleasurable experiences

46
Q

what is the function of the connection between the amygdala and the medial orbitofrontal cortex?

A

decision making and emotion, bodily changes w/ emotion (ex. stomach drop in anxiety)

47
Q

Where are the secondary cortical regions involved in olfaction, and what are each of their roles in the processing and integration of smell?

A

Secondary Olf Structures:
entorhinal: smell and memory;
orbitofrontal olf area: smell discrimination
amygdala: smell and emotion ad motivation

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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