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Neuroscience > Higher Order cerebral Function > Flashcards

Higher Order cerebral Function Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the organization of fibers traveling with visual information from the lateral
geniculate nucleus to the occipital lobe. How are they, and their destinations, organized?

A 
superior striations (go to the parietal lobe) provide retinal input for inferior 
inferior striations (to temporal lobe)  with retinal input from superior
; the more central the field, the more caudal and closer it is to the occipital pole
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2
Q

what is a key feature of the occipital pole blood supply as opposed to the rest of the visual cortex?

A

bilateral vascularization

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3
Q

what type of damage would result in central scotoma? Describe what this looks like.

A

blindness in acuity/focal point of one eye; damage to the fovea of that eye

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4
Q

what type of damage would result in monocular blindness?

A

damage to that eye’s optic nerve, one-eyes blindness

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5
Q

Describe bitemporal hemianopia. What might cause this?

A

damaged optic chiasm> commonly caused by pituitary tumors; blindness on the lateral visual fields

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6
Q

Describe homonymous hemianopia. What might cause this?

A

damage to the contralateral optic tract or thalamus; hemified blindness in each eye on the same side

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7
Q

Describe superior quadrantanopia . What might cause this?

A

damage to inferior striations (in the temporal lobe) in contralateral side> upper quadrant blindness in the opposite side of injury

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8
Q

Describe inferior quadrantanopia. What might cause this?

A

damage to superior striations (in the temporal lobe) in contralateral side> lower quadrant blindness on the opposite side of injury

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9
Q

Describe homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing. What might cause this?

A

damage to the contralateral primary visual cortex but due to bilateral vascularization of the occipital pole > blindness in the same side of both eyes

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10
Q

Where are the visual association cortices located?

A

parieto-occipital association cortex

occipitotemporal association cortex

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11
Q

what kind of info is relayed through the parieto-occipital association cortex?

A

motions and spatial relationships between objects, body, and visual stimuli (where)

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12
Q

what kind of info is relayed through the occipitotemporal association cortex?

A

form, colors, face, letters,etc (what)

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13
Q

What types of eye movements do supranuclear structures of extraocular muscles control?

A 
horizontal and vertical eye movements
saccades
smooth pursuits
vergence 
reflexes
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14
Q

Identify the supranuclear structures and connections involved horizontal eye movements.

A

medial and lat rectus (abducens and OCM via MLF)

abducens + paramedian pontine reticular formation

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15
Q

Identify the supranuclear structures and connections involved vertical eye movements.

A

muscles: superior and inf recti and obliques
nuclei: trochlear and OCM
supranuclear: pretectal areas, rostral midbrain and reticular formation

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16
Q

saccades

A

rapid, voluntary eye movements wherein our vision is temporarily suppressed

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17
Q

smooth pursuit

A

slow following of a visual target either voluntarily or involuntarily

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18
Q

vergence

A

maintaining fused fixation as targets move towards or away from the person-very slow for acuity

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19
Q

reflexive eye movements: Nystagmus

A

eyes one way to self correct

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20
Q

What cortical structures are involved in extraocular movements?

A

frontal eye fields (contra saccades), parietal-occipital-temporal cortex (ipsa smooth pursuit), basal ganglia (OCM loop)

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21
Q

define unimodal association cortices

A

unidirectional and modality-specific: Motor, somatosensory, Visual and Auditory

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22
Q

define heteromodal association cortices

A

bidirectional and higher-order mental functions found at frontal and parieto-occipitotemporal junctions

23
Q

Explain what we know about handedness and how it relates to cortical asymmetry.

A

each hemisphere controls simple movements of contralat limbs, but highly skilled and complex movements are controlled by the dominant hemisphere

24
Q

Explain what we know about language centers as they relate to cortical asymmetry.

A

language centers are predominantly on the left hemisphere (regardless of handedness) for 95% R and over 70% L (also bilateral in many lefthanders)

25
Q

Where can Broca’s area be found? What is its function?

A

inferior frontoparietal area allows the motor formation of words via sounds

26
Q

Where can Wernicke’s area be found? What is its function?

A

superior temporal lobe. comprehension of words from the sound

27
Q

How are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas connected?

A

via arcuate fasciculus along the sylvian fissure

28
Q

What other dominant hemisphere structures are involved in language processing?

A

inf lateral primary cortex
frontal lobe <>Broca’s (syntax, motor aspects, planning)
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus <>wernicke’s (lexicon and writing)
the visual cortex, visual assn areas

29
Q

How does the non-dominant hemisphere get involved in language processing?

A

involved with the affective elements of speech (tone) via the corpus callosum

30
Q

What subcortical structures play a role in language processing, and what is that role?

A

thalamus and basal ganglia&raquo_space; can change projection or cadence of speech

31
Q

Define aphasia

A

impacts DOMINANT structures (typically left)

disturbance of one or more aspects of the production and comprehension of speech

32
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

“motor aphasia”

effortful speech + awareness of deficits

33
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

impaired language comprehension + unaware of deficits

34
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Broca’s + Wernicke’s impairments

35
Q

What is alexia and what can it look like?

A

reading impairment
w/ Broca’s aphasia: hard time reading aloud
w Wernicke’s aphasia: nonsense

36
Q

What is agraphia and what can it look like?

A

impairment in writing
w/ Broca’s aphasia: effortful or fragmented
w Wernicke’s aphasia: nonsense

37
Q

What is our non-dominant hemisphere best known for as it relates to cortical asymmetry?

A

PERCEPTUAL INTEGRATION
visual-spatial skills
emotional significance
music perception

38
Q

Define perception. What are the four components of perception often included in a neuro exam?

A

using info from senses to interact with the environment

body schema, spatial relationships, agnosias, apraxias

39
Q

Explain the difference between body schema and body image.

A

image is conscious thoughts about won body vs schema: unconscious motor/postural control and relationships of body parts to each other (body awareness)

40
Q

What is unilateral inattention? What type of lesions are typically responsible?

A

failure to acknowledge stimuli on the side contralateral to the lesion (left most common) despite other systems being unimpaired
MOSTLY W/ R TEMPOROPARIETAL JUNCTION, POST PARIETAL LESIONS

41
Q

What are the 2 classification systems for unilateral attention?

A

Modality or Distribution

42
Q

list the modality types of unilateral inattention

A

sensory, motor, representational (internal images)

43
Q

list the distribution types of unilateral inattention

A

personal- lack of awareness of the contralateral side of body
spatial- lack awareness in contralat space
-peripersonal: w/in arms reach
-extrapersonal: in far space

44
Q

Define position-in-space disorder

A

decreased ability to perceive and interpret prepositional positions

45
Q

Define vertical/midline disorientation and provide an example:

A

can’t identify when the body is in midline , ex:pusher’s disorder

46
Q

Define topographical disorientation.

A

difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the environment

47
Q

What are agnosias? What are the different types commonly seen?

A

decreased ability to recognize stimuli when the sensory system is INTACT
visual, auditory (inability to rec nonspeech), tactile (astereognosis and agraphesthesisa)

48
Q

Describe asomatognosia.

A

loss of ownership or perceived agency over a limb

49
Q

Describe anosognosia.

A

severe*

denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of deficits can demonstrate astereognosis

50
Q

What is apraxia? What are the two major subtypes?

A

impairment of voluntary skilled movement w/ deficit in left (dominant) frontal or parietal lobe
ideomotor and ideational

51
Q

How do ideomotor and ideational apraxia differ?

A

ideomotor: breakdown between concept and performance (right idea, wrong action)
ideational: failure in conceptualization

52
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

executive function: decision-making, problem-solving, self-control, longterm goal execution

53
Q

What are the different regions of the prefrontal cortex

A

dorsolateral-switching attn. inhib inappropriate response, maintaining abstract rules (good employee)
orbitofrontal- DECISONS
ventromedial- emotional processing, short term mem, self perception and social cognition

54
Q

Describe some of the different ways in which the prefrontal cortex is involved in restraint, initiative, and order.

A

restraint: judgment, foresight, discipline
initiative: curiosity, flexibility, drive
order: abstract reason, sequencing, working memory, organize

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