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Organ Systems lll kt's > Limbic 1.0 > Flashcards

Limbic 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN, and Sleep

A

SCN circadian rhythm - receives info from retina.

  • if light, inhibits VLPO so you stay awake
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2
Q

Circadian Rhythm is susceptible to cytokines. Explain.

A

disrupts circadian cycle by breaking the circuit leaving the VLPO to be active during the day so you can sleep when you’re sick.

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3
Q

Sleep is regulated by the hypothalamus via which nucleus?

A

VLPO, the ventrolateral preoptic (remember those red and orange balls on the slide)… those two pathways that activate the thalamus and cortex (open sensory pathways).
VLPO inhibits these pathways that activate the thalamus and cortex inducing drowsiness.

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4
Q

What are some reticular pathways to the thalamus or cortex that initiate and maintain wakefulness?

A

Thalamus: (thalamus to cortex)
- cholinergic pontine pathways (PPT, LDT) most active during REM and waking

Cortex:

  • monoaminergic pathways - NE, serotonin, dopamine
  • cholinergic from basal forebrain nucleus
  • orexin/hypocretin pathway from lateral hypothalamus
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5
Q

Humans have about how many hours of REM sleep a night?

A

2

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6
Q

The older you get the less _____ sleep you get, therefore, less deep sleep.

A

slow-wave sleep

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7
Q

stages 1-4 of sleep. EEG waves increase in amp and decrease in freq.

A

Non-REM

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8
Q

EEG similar to waking: low amp and high freq

A

REM

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9
Q

Which area of the Cingulate Gyrus coordinates several regions for precise recall of various aspects of episodic memory?

A

Retrosplenial

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10
Q

Limbic System and Memory: DECLARATIVE MEMORY. what is it? what parts of the brain are associated with it?

A

Hippocampus and Medial Temporal Lobe:

  • the hippocampus encodes and consolidates episodic memories and projects to cortex (interconnects w prefrontal cortex).
  • a fresh new memory lands in the medial temporal lobe.

also called explicit memory: episodic and semantic memory

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11
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Declarative (explicit) Memory
- hippocampus

one of two the other being semantic memory

episodic:
- EVENTS!
- auto-noetic consciousness (with self in it)

“I had this episode where I threw my soup at the soup Nazi”

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12
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM: cortical and subcortical regions are? try name a few!

A

Cortical:

  • prefrontal
  • cingulate
  • insula
  • parahippocampal gyrus

Subcortical:

  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens
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13
Q

Limbic System does what for us?

A

memory, motivation, emotions

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14
Q

Declarative Memory: what is semantic memory?

A

FACTS!
- prefrontal cortex, anterior temporal lobe

  • non-contextual content of experience
  • noetic consciousness
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15
Q

Different aspects of Declarative Memory (hippocampus and medial temporal lobe) are managed by distinct regions. Two systems are? What do they do?

A

Anterior Temporal System

  • relates representations of specific entities to existing semantic concepts
    ex. I see a coffee cup and think caffeinated beverage!

Posterior Medial System

  • matches incoming cues about the current context to interactions among entities and the environment during a novel experience
    ex. I see that 7-11 on the corner and know where I need to go, next door!, to get that coffee.
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16
Q

Limbic System and Memory: which part of the brain is associated with emotional type of procedural memory (implicit)?

A

Amygdala

- associative learning: classical and operant conditioning

17
Q

Limbic System and Memory: what part of the brain is associated with working memory?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

18
Q

Hippocampus (part of subcortical region)

Hippocampus role in the Limbic System?

Hippocampal Afferent pathway and Efferent pathway?

A

Stress & Memory (PRIMARY DECLARATIVE MEMORY ENCODER- CONTEXT)

Afferent: parahippocampal gyrus -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus

the hippocampus is the head of the seahorse and is affected last

Efferent:
from head to parahippocampal gyrus to wide areas of the cortex where memory is consolidated

19
Q

The Reticular Formation plays a role in wakefulness. Where do the nuclei in the brainstem project to?

Sensory input enters?

A

wide areas of thalamus and cortex. medial nuclei project to brain and spinal cord for general modulation.

  • sensory input enters raphe and lateral nuclei

“Ascending Reticular Activating System, ARAS”

20
Q

Reticular Formation:

Nuclei of Raphe (medulla) to extensive cortical areas Neuromodulatory pathway uses which neurotransmitter for what?

A

Serotonin (5HT)

mood; sleep-wake cycles

  • directly activate the cortex in waking
21
Q

Reticular Formation:

Nuclei of Locus Ceruleus (pons) to cortex
neuromodulatory pathway uses which neurotransmitter for what?

A

NE

  • attentional selectivity under stress
22
Q

Reticular Formation:

Nuclei of ventral tegmentum (midbrain) [and substantia nigra] to prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia Neuromodulatory pathway uses which neurotransmitter for what?

A

Dopamine

promotes motivationally based behavior

23
Q

Reticular Formation:

Nuclei of septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Broca to thalamus and extensive cortical areas Neuromodulatory pathway uses which neurotransmitter for what?

A

ACh

facilitate hippocampal and other cortical regions in memory and cognition

24
Q

Generally, what does the Prefrontal Cortex do?

PFC can regulate its own catecholamine inputs how?

A

provide top-down control over attention, emotion, behavior

  • through direct/indirect connections to reticular nuclei: NE via locus coeruleus and DA via substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas
25
Q

Prefrontal Cortex: 3 main parts? functions?

A

Lateral

  • working memory
  • executive control functions
  • behavior based on various alternatives

Orbitofrontal

  • reward, motivation, emotional decision making
  • inhibits inappropriate action (no instant grat- rather wait!)

Ventromedial

  • connects w hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus
  • Medial PFC - emotional biasing into decision making
  • Anterior Cingulate - choosing among complex actions
26
Q

Early nocturnal sleep dominated by SWS consolidates what types of memory?

A

Declarative and Procedural.

late nocturnal sleep dominated by REM does the final consolidation of sleep.

27
Q

Again, let’s talk about Waking UP!

Activate the Thalamus via?

Activate the cortex via?

A
  • Activate the Thalamus via cholinergic neurons of LDT, PPT, then activate Cortex via nucleus basalis
  • Activate the Cortex via NE neurons of LC and Serotonin 5HT of dorsal rap he nuclei
28
Q

During wakefulness, ACh, NE, and serotonin are involved. During REM sleep, which neurotransmitter is active and which in inhibited?

A

ACh is active and Serotonin (of raphe nuclei) is inhibited.

29
Q

During NON-REM sleep the neurotransmitters involved are increased or decreased?

A

decreased as the neurons’ activity is decreased.

30
Q

Time of the day when memory consolidates best? What kinds of memory?

A

during sleep! those emotional special memories.

31
Q

_______ turns on the Thalamus and Basal Forebrain for wakefulness!

(neurotransmitter)

A

ACh

facilitates sensory processing increasing activity of pathways to thalamus.

good at changing synapses and for long term memory.

32
Q

____ and ____ turn on the Cortex directly.

neurotransmitter

A

NE and Serotonin

NE highlights important info with lateral inhibition of the unimportant stuff (increases signal to noise ratio)

33
Q

Two types of REM: what are they and what is it like?

A

Phasic (R fMRI): REM, high brain activity, external sounds suppressed, transient paralysis.

Tonic REM (L fMRI): no REM, increased reactivity to outside stimulus, increase activity in auditory cortex

34
Q

What neurotransmitter will wake you up from REM sleep?

A

NE

35
Q

Declarative Memories are encoded by the hippocampus and then consolidated in cortical areas for storage during SWS with the use of ACh.
Encoding while awake happens when there is an _____ in ACh.
Reactivation of memories in hippocampus and their transfer to neocortex happens when there is an _____ in ACh.

A
  • increase

- decrease

Organ Systems lll kt's (5 decks)

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