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SRNAAnatomy II > Lilly's Chapter 1 PP&WB > Flashcards

Lilly's Chapter 1 PP&WB Flashcards

1
Q

Right-sided structures lie mostly to

their left-sided counterparts

A

anterior

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2
Q

Both atrial chambers located mostly to the____of their corresponding ventricles

A

right

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3
Q

Pericardium function 2

A

Allow heart to beat without friction

Allow room to expand

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4
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Filled with pericardial fluid 5-30ml

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5
Q

3 attachments

A

Central tendon of diaphragm
•Sternopericardial ligaments
•Vertebropericardial ligaments

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6
Q

*****Endocardium is the ___________and is comprised of

FENP-B

A 
Single layer of endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
Elastic and collagenous fibers
Nerves
Purkinje fibers
Blood vessels
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7
Q

Right heart receives _______blood from the body (IVC, SVC)and from the _______(________)

A

deoxygenated; Heart, coronary sinus

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8
Q

**RV pumps blood to __________via_________ which is the only artery with _______blood

A

the lungs; pulmonary artery; deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

**RV characteristicsIOM 3

A

Inner wall covered by trabeculae carneae
Outflow tract (conus arteriosus) is smooth for laminar flow
Moderator band : Large trabeculae, Crosses vent. Cavity – Carries component of RBB of the conducting system to the ventricular muscle

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10
Q

RV has ______ papillary muscles and contains the Tricuspid valve

A

3

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11
Q

**Left heart : LA receives _______blood from the _____via the _________Veins, which is the only veins carrying ________blood

A

oxygenated; lungs; pulmonary veins;

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12
Q

**LV pumps blood through the ________circulation via _____

A

Systemic ; aorta

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13
Q

LV characteristics***TA 2

wall? size

A

Thicker wall 9 – 11 mm ~3x thicker than R. vent.

Aortic Vestibule smooth for laminar flow

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14
Q

LV has ______papillary muscles, contains the _____valve and is the origins of _______and ________ just above

A

• 2 large papillary muscles
– Mitral Valve
• Origins of RCA & LCA just above Aortic valve cusps

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15
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

SA node–>AVnode–> Bundle of his–>R+ L bundle branches–> Purkinje fibers(subendocardial fibers)

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16
Q

Conduction systemSubendocardial plexus of Purkinje fibers allow_______________before________, this prevents valve_______

A

papillary muscles to contract before vent. wall

– Prevents valve regurgitation

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17
Q

****Cardiac Innervation(sympathetic )

A

• Sympathetic fibers from T1-T6 innervate cardiac nerves that terminate in heart and great vessels

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18
Q

***Effect of sympathetic stimulation

HR, Contractility, AVN, PR

A

Increase HR and Contractility
Decrease AVN Effective Refractory Period
Decrease PR

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19
Q

**Effect of parasympathetic stimulation

HR, Contractility, AVN, PR

A

Decrease HR and Contractility
Increase AVN effective Refractory Period
Increase PR

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20
Q

**Parasympathetic fibers from_____ innervate

A

CN X; SA Node, AV Node and Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

Vagal innervation ______and______whereas Sympathetic innervation

A

Supraventricular and purkinje ; all over

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22
Q

Cardiac Vessels LCA division (AIVCI)

A

LAD (AIV) (anterior interventricular artery)

Circumflex

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23
Q

Cardiac Vessels RCA division (PM)

A

PDA (posterior descending) PIV (posterior interventricular artery)
– Marginal

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24
Q

Th blood supply to the SA node is most often derived from the ______in ____% of the population and derived from Circumflex artery in___% of the population. Other 5% from both

A

RCA;70%; 25%

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25
Q

Posterior Descending and AV nodal arteries arise from the RCA in______of the population. The coronary circulation is termed __________. __% the PDA arises from the Circumflex , resulting in coronary circulation termed. The remaining population PDA is supplied by both the RCA and circumflex, coronary circulation is thermed____

A

85% of the population; Right dominant; 8% ;Left dominant; 7% Co-dominant

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26
Q

*****Muscle fibers beneath endocardium, particularly _______And________supplied by coronary a. terminal branches or veins.

A

papillary muscles and left vent. wall

Thebesian

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27
Q

*****A myocyte is an

A

Individual cardiac muscle cell

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28
Q

****Myofibril is a

A

Group of sarcomeres

29
Q

*****Sarcomere

A

Individual contractile unit of the cell

Line up in cell

30
Q

The sarcolemma is the

A

Cell membrane

31
Q

**A distinct characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue

A

intercalated disks

32
Q

Intercalated disks are :

Function

A

Gap junction complexes

They establish structural and electrical continuity between the myocardial cells

33
Q

*****The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a

A
  • intracellular membrane network
  • Most of the intracellular calcium stored there
  • responsible for Ca release and excitation-contraction coupling
34
Q

*****Action potential

A

Reversal of electrical potential across a semipermeable membrane cause by conformation changes in selective ion channels.

35
Q

3 ways

A

Rhythmic
Conducted appropriately
Coupled to myocardial contraction

36
Q

*****3 major electrically excitable cell types

A
  1. Pacemaker cells found in SA node and AV node
  2. Specialized conducting cells (purkinje fibers)
  3. Cardiac myocytes (myocardial syncytium)
37
Q

Pacemaker cells have _____but no

A

Automaticity; NMJ

38
Q

**Pacemaker cells have resting potential of

A

-60mV

39
Q

*****Compare to resting potential of vent. Myocytes at

A

-90mV

40
Q

*****Unique physiology of Pacemaker cells

SUF

A
  • Slow voltage gated Na+ channels unable to recover so they remain inactivated
  • Unique ion channel “pacemaker channel” which allow continuous flow of Na+ until threshold is reached
41
Q

Depolarization depends on ion transport, gov.d by:

A

Concentration Gradients

Transmembrane potential

42
Q

***** Cardiac myocytes have

A

Fast Na+ ion channels

43
Q

“Fast Na+ Channels”

A
  • When activated remain open for only a few thousandths of a second, then close
  • Inactivated state persists until membrane is repolarized, providing refractory period
44
Q

Are Fast Na+ channels active on SA/AV nodes?

A

• Not active on pacemaker cells (SA/AV nodes)

45
Q

****K+ ion channels

A

***Inward rectifer channels - open in resting state
allow some K+ to flow out of cell, but overall
negative interior charge slows K+ outflow
• At equilibrium, these forces are balanced and there
is zero net movement of K+

46
Q

The electrical potential point at which there is zero net movement of K+ across the membrane is known as as “_________”
What is the K+ equilibrium potential is ____mV
Calculated by _______

A

The potassium equilibrium potential
-91mV
Nernst Equation

47
Q

**Action potential of cardiac muscles : Phase 4

A

Na+, Ca2+, Channels closed. Open K+ RECTIFIER CHANNELs keep TMP stable at -90mV

48
Q

*****Action potential of cardiac muscles : Phase 0

A

Rapid Na+ influx through open FAST Na+ Channels

49
Q

*****Action potential of cardiac muscles : Phase 1

A

Transient K+ channels open and K+ efflux return TMP to 0mV

50
Q

****Action potential of cardiac muscles : Phase 2 aka ___phase

A

Plateau phase ; Influx of Ca2+ through L-TYPE Ca2+ channels is electrically balanced by K+ efflux through DELAYED RECTIFIER K+ Channels

Ryanodine receptors: release Ca++ from S.R

51
Q

*****Action potential of cardiac muscles : Phase 3

A

Ca2+ channels close but DELAYED RECTIFIER K+ channels remain open and return TMP to -90mV

52
Q

**Cardiac Depolarization: “Fibrous Skeleton” of the heart

A

– Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the AV valves
– Serves as electrical INSULATOR isolates Atria and Ventricles
- AV NOTE IS THE ONLY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR TO THE VENTRICLES

53
Q

Delay at AV node (0.1sec) allows

A

• atria time to contract before ventricles

54
Q

_____ node is the only electrical conductor to the Ventricle

A

AV node

55
Q

**AV node

A

serves as electrical “gatekeeper” to limit ventricular stim. during abnormal rapid atrial rhythms

56
Q

***Electrical AP leads to

A

Physical contraction

57
Q

**Myosin

A

Arranged in thick filaments, globular heads contain MYOSIN ATPASE

58
Q

*****Actin

A

Thin filament , a-helix

59
Q

Tethers myosin to Z-line

A

Titin (connectin)

60
Q

***Tropomyosin

A

Double helix lies between actin filaments and blocks actin&myosin interaction

61
Q

*****Troponin

A

Regularly spaced on acting, 3 SUBUNITS

62
Q

**CALCIUM INDUCED CALCIUM RELEASE

Initial ____________ signal is amplified by ______During what phase

A

L-type Ca2+ current signal; Calcium induced calcium Release (CICR)
Phase 2 of action potential

63
Q

*****Ca2+ enters cell via

A

T-Tubule system

64
Q

*****Ca2+ triggers _______Receptors on ______ then this membrane dumps_________

A

Ryanodine receptors; Sarcoplasmic Recticulum ; it stores of Ca2+

65
Q

Calcium channel Blockers

Bind to which channels

A

Bind to the L-type calcium channels

66
Q

**Three Classifications:

A

Non-Dihydropyridines
benzothiazepines
phenylalkylamines

Dihydropyridiness

67
Q

**Benzothiazepines Ex (BD)

• dihydropyridines
– nicardipine , amlodipine, nifedipine , nisoldipine, et

A

– diltiazem

68
Q

*****Phenylalkylamines (PV)

A

– verapamil

69
Q

** dihydropyridines (NNA)

–NNNA

A

nicardipine , nifedipine , nisoldipine, amlodipine,

SRNAAnatomy II (16 decks)

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