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Global Politics: Realism and Liberalism > Likelihood of War and Conflict > Flashcards

Likelihood of War and Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

REALISM

Is war inevitable?

A

REALISM

Yes

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2
Q

REALISM

What do realists stress that contributes to the likelihood of war?

A

REALISM
power politics
‘state egoism’ as it leads to conflict, disagreement and struggle between states
human nature

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3
Q

REALISM
What do classical realists believe causes war?
And what famous scholar proposes this point of view?

A

REALISM
human nature and the pursuit of power

Hans Morgenthau

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4
Q

REALISM
What do structural realists believe causes war?
What famous scholars propose this point of view?

A

REALISM
the anarchic nature of global politics and lack of world government

John Mearsheimer and Kenneth Waltz

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5
Q

REALISM

Why does John Mearsheimer believe the anarchic nature of international system causes war?

A

REALISM

  1. states will do everything in their power to be powerful in an anarchic system
  2. best way to live in an anarchic system as no one will try and harm you
  3. each state is responsible for ensuring its own well being and survival as they have no higher authority
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6
Q

REALISM

What do structural and classical realist both agree on?

A

REALISM

politics is essentially a struggle for power

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7
Q

REALISM

Do realists believe anarchy will lead to relentless conflict and unending war?

A

REALISM

No, but they are concerned with states’ natural tendency to concentrate too much power in one nation

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8
Q

REALISM
Do realists believe states will continue to concentration too much power into one nation and risk war?
What will emerge instead?

A

REALISM

No, this will not happen and a balance of power will emerge

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9
Q

REALISM

What is a balance of power?

A

REALISM
recognisation that in pursuit of national security, states enter into alliances that, if balanced against one another, may ensure prolonged periods of peace and international stability

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10
Q

REALISM

Why would a balance of power prevent recurrent war?

A

REALISM

rational states will hesitate to attack equally powerful opponents

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11
Q

REALISM

Do they believe a balance of power will always stop war?

A

REALISM

No, the international system is inherently dynamic and when the balance breaks down, war is probable

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12
Q

REALISM

Describe a defensive realist view of war and a scholar who is associated with it

A

REALISM
state is concerned with its own survival, so are security-maximising entities, so priority is avoiding war
there may not be war but there will be ‘ongoing and relentless tension’

Mastanduno

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13
Q

REALISM

Describe an offensive realist view of war and a scholar who is associated with it

A

REALISM
states seek to maximise power and take advantages of each other. they wish to accumulate more power than anyone else
deeply pessimistic view of international politics where threat of war is ever present

Mearsheimer

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14
Q

REALISM

What does the security dilemma do to the likelihood of war? And why?

A

REALISM
increases likelihood

  • states may seek to increase their security and power, as a result they cause tensions
  • leads to an arms race, growing hostility and likelihood of war
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15
Q

REALISM

Are realists proponents of war?

A

REALISM
No, they have often opposed war and aggressive foreign policy

They believe war should only ever be fought if it serves a vital national interested (e.g. cost-benefit analysis)

this lead to US realists opposing Vietnam War and ‘War on Terror’

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16
Q

LIBERALISM

What is the liberal perspective of war’s benefits?

A

LIBERALISM

There are none, ‘war does not pay’

17
Q

LIBERALISM

What ways do they believe war can be kept at bay through

A

LIBERALISM

  1. International organisations
  2. mutual reliance and economic interdependence
  3. democratic peace thesis
18
Q

LIBERALISM

How can international organisations keep war at bay?

A

LIBERALISM

  • international organisations can ‘turn the jungle of international politics into a zoo in which the big beats are constrained’
  • this is because it reduces the element of fear
19
Q

LIBERALISM

How can mutual reliance and economic interdependence keep war at bay?

A

LIBERALISM

  • makes sense for each country to produce what it is best at
  • war with a close trade partner is unthinkable and this is international cooperation
  • also encourages ‘cosmopolitanism’
20
Q

LIBERALISM

How can the democratic peace thesis keep war at bay?

A

LIBERALISM

  • democratic states are controlled by the people (electorates) who have no stomach for war
  • democratic states have broadly similar cultures and values so they are more likely to get on with each other
21
Q

LIBERALISM

Why do liberals believe war happens?

A

LIBERALISM

  • consequence of undesirable behaviour of some states
  • political reasons: imperialism, authoritarian gov, undemocratic nature of politics
  • economic reasons: economic nationalism/protectionism, not enough global trade, economic interdependence
22
Q

LIBERALISM

What 3 causes do liberals identify that bring about peace and cooperation between nations?

A

LIBERALISM

  1. international trade and interdependence
  2. democratisation
  3. global governance
23
Q

LIBERALISM
Why does international trade and interdependence bring about peace?
And who are proponents of this view?

A

LIBERALISM

  • economic connections are increasing while use of military force is decreasing
  • free trade establishes interdependence, makes war too costly and even unthinkable
  • advocate for globalisation
  • means removal of barriers such as protectionism and trade barriers
24
Q

LIBERALISM

Why does democratisation bring about peace?

A

LIBERALISM

  • compromise and negotiations rather than force to resolve disputes
  • Michael Doyle’s ‘democratic peace theory’ that liberal democracies almost never go to war with one another
  • major shift towards democratisation (80 became one in 1990s)
  • governments, not people, want war and democracies are run by people
  • there has never been a war between two democratic nation-states, creating ‘Liberal Zone of Peace’
25
Q

LIBERALISM

How does Michael Doyles ‘democratic peace theory’ explain that democracies do not fight one another?

A

LIBERALISM

  1. they share common values and have common moral foundations
  2. democracies rely on peaceful conflict resolution with each other
  3. extensive economic cooperation exists between democracies, making it unprofitable to fight
26
Q

LIBERALISM

What is some criticism of the ‘democratic peace theory’?

A

LIBERALISM

  1. democratic nations may seem less likely to attack other non-democratic countries, but they are aggressive as any other type of state to authoritarian regimes and stateless people
  2. Is democratisation really happening? There’s a decrease in democracy. What about the ‘democratic recession’? (Turkey, India, Hungary, Poland becoming less liberal)
27
Q

LIBERALISM

How does global governance secure peace?

A

LIBERALISM

  • international organisations regulate the international anarchy
  • ensure international rule of law as they mediate and enforce decisions
  • trend towards intl orgs increased trust
  • cooperation and integration have replaced ‘anarchy’, ‘self help’ and ‘security dilemma’
  • collective security where each state accepts the security of one is the concern of all and agree to join a collective response to aggression
28
Q

LIBERALISM

How does Joshua Goldstein argue in ‘Winning the War on War’ that war is depleting?

A

LIBERALISM
2. 2010 had lowest death rates from war relative to population of any year ever
2. the annual average death toll due to war/unarmed conflicts is lower than anytime in the 20th century:
1950-2007: 148,000 deaths per year
2008-2013: 48,000 deaths per year
3. today’s wars are less deadly and there are less of them
4. no national armies are currently fighting one another, all current wars are (intra-state) civil wars

29
Q

Why synoptic link can be made for both of these theories of war and what causes them?

A

REALISM: human nature’s selfishness, egoism and ‘state of nature’

LIBERALISM: human nature’s good side, developmental individualism

Global Politics: Realism and Liberalism (9 decks)

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