Lighting Fundamentals Flashcards
What are the five layers of light?
- Choreography - using light to create paths, destinations, encourage flow and movement
- Mood - add intensity, color and texture to elicit emotion
- Accenting - encourages interest and draws visual interest by making objects stand out
- Revealing architecture - apply to details of a space to enhance spatial effects and reveal form or structure
- tasks - apply light to task areas to accommodate basic functions of space
What are the controllable aspects of light?
Intensity - bright vs dark
Texture - directional vs diffuse
Shape - pools of light, planes of light, points of light
What CCT stands for?
Colour correlated temperature - sets the atmosphere of space
What is the unit for colour temperature? How the numbers correlate to it?
4000 - 2500K = cooler (blue) to warmer (the warmer the light the drowsier the ambient feels). Numbers associated with daylight and selected lamps. 4500K - cool 4200K (Kelvin) - cool white fluorescent 3500K - neutral 3000K halogen (warm) ...zzZ 2700 standard incandescent
Best CCT for office environment?
3500K - neutral
What to take in consideration when choosing luminaire?Name examples of effects of lighting produced
1 - Focal glow - recessed on ceiling coves or wall slots
2 -Play of brilliants - multiple small points
3 -Contrast + stimulation: Surface finishes
dark surfaces - little inter-reflection - high contrast
light surfaces - inter-reflections will fill in shadows and reduce contrast
4 -Direction + Distribution
How to make indirect lighting more effective?
Providing reflective canopy for the high ceilings
How can luminaire be mounted and produce indirect light in the AT ceiling?
mounted within the AT ceiling - can reflect light within the luminaire
Can be dropped element (suspended mounted) that reflects off the AT ceiling
Direction and Distribution of Light beam
1-direct concentrated - recessed dowlightm - narrow beam
2-direct diffuse - exposed luminaires - pendants, directional (e.g. to arts on walls) - wider beam
3-indirect diffuse - beam directed upwards (good strategy in office spaces because you don’t want really bright intense light - softer is desirable
4-direct/indirect - beams up and downward at the same time
5- Omnidirectional - multidirectional beams
Note the perimeter of lighting (not enough to illuminate the entire room - add light to perimeter
Can be suspended
Can act as an accent within the space
Keys to Office lighting (8)
1- Consider the atmosphere of the space 2-Design the effect of the lighting 3-Use energy and cost efficient light sources 4-Provide both ambient and task lighting 5-Ambient lighting should consist of a mixture of direct and indirect light 6-Light the perimeter walls 7-Rely on reflectance for free light 8-Provide adequate controls
What LED stands for?
Light Emitting Dialled
Which lighting method is better for the open office environment?
Lower ambient lighting plus a task lamp provides appropriate lighting for viewing computer screens and reading documents.
Lower ambient light also makes people quieter, which helps with acoustics
Task light - provides individual lighting control and reduces energy usage ( less lumens necessary in the ambient lighting
What LVR stands for? What are the values and what they represent?
Light Reflectance Value - 1-100 (100 is the most reflectance) or 0-1 (0 represents no reflection of light)
What is the requirement for manual lighting controls?
Enclosed spaces must have at least one control that independently controls general lighting in a space.
Types of light sensors?
1- Occupancy sensor - for places with lots of traffic (Hotels Halls, e.g.)
2- Vacancy sensor - requires lights to be turned on manually but automatically turns the lights off. (these first two are often the same device with the desired setting being set by either a switch or programming
3-Daylight sensor - detects changing light conditions and adjust the lights automatically throughout the day -
How far from a window can daylight impact the interior of a building?
Depending on the floor plan/window configuration daylight can directly impact the perimeter walls to 15’ interior (light sources should be dimmed when daylighting levels are sufficient) and less significantly between 15’-30’.
IECC 2009 requires separate zoning and controls for fixtures in daylight zones.
Benefits from daylighting strategy of lighting an ambient?
Passive strategy! Improve aesthetic qualities, Better color balance Connection to outdoors Increased energy efficiency
Type of light controls?
Manual
Dimmers
Time Clock - a feature that enables scheduling of lights based on usage. Good for areas with predictable schedules.
What is illuminance?
The amount of light that is hitting a surface
What is the unit for illuminance and what it stands for?
Foot candles (FC) - is the amount of light that hits a 1 square foot surface when 1 lumen is shined from 1 foot away - imperial LUX - 1 lumen/1 square meter - metric (10 lux is roughly 1 FC)
Governing Codes Electrical Engineer is aware of?
Ontario Building Code (OBC) - Life Safety signage and fire alam systems
The Ontario Electrical Safety Code (ESA) - regulates installation and inspection of construction
Ontario Fire Code
Interior Design role in electrical systems design?
Coordinates the location of Mechanical and Electrical elements and ensures that the work of the mechanical and electrical engineers is consistent with the interior design intentions
• Is aware of clearances and obstructions
• Locates and ceiling mounted electrical or mechanical devises on the reflected ceiling plan
Electrical Components in Commercial Premises?
Energy (electricity)
Source: Generator
Conductors (energy passes through): wires
Load (draw energy, requires energy to function): lights, heaters, motors
Items in the electrical room?
Transformer - works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Transfer electrical power from one circuit to another without any variation in their frequency
Electrical panel
Where high power is usually required?
kitchen, photocopy machines, laundry
Connections to mechanical system?
Air handling equipment
Water pumps
Exhaust fans
What are the entries of a receptacle (“outlet”)?
Neutral, Hot, ground
120V receptacle office uses?
desk top machines (computers), task lighting
Engineer will limit power to less than 12A normal
What is a power plan?
Series of drawings provided by the electrical engineer
What GFCI stands for? Where is it required?
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter.
Any outlet within 1.5 M of a sink,
all kitchen outlets for countertop use must be 20AMP GFCI protected,
At least one GFCI protected outlet is required in each bathroom
Stairway lighting requirements
Stairway lighting requires switches at both the top and bottom at the stairs when the stairs have more than 3 treads (CAN) or more than 6 treads (USA)
What is a 3 ways switch? Where is it used?
1 light with 2 switches. Rooms with 2 entry points. Top and bottom of stairs
What are examples of low power systems?
Fire alarm bells, horns speakers
Audio-visual systems
Public address and sound masking systems
