Light and Optics Flashcards
Formula speed of a wave
λf = v
Formula for energy of a photon
E(photon) = hf = hc/λ
Speed of light
C = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s
Relationship between energy, frequency and wave length
As energy increases, frequency increases and wave length decreases, and vice versa
Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
Reflection
Snell’s Law of refraction
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
Only angles up to 90 degrees
When moving from a smaller index of refraction (n) to a bigger one your θ
Goes from bigger θ to smaller θ (moves closer to the normal)
Formula for index of refraction
n = c (vac)/v(medium) > 1
How does the frequency of light change from medium to medium
It doesn’t change
Formula for total internal refraction
sinθ (critical) = n2/n1
When no light gets refracted
Dispersion
Index of refraction is different for different wavelengths
Colors from low to high wavelengths
ROYGBIV
When you’re moving from a high n to a low n your angle moves
Away from the normal
Formula for bright fringes
dsinθ = mλ
Formula for dark fringes
dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ
Reflected rays are inverted when going from ____ to ____ index of refraction
Smaller to larger
Formula for thin films with no phase shift
2t = (m+1/2)λ(film)
Formula for thin films with a phase shift between reflected rays
2t = mλ(film)
X-ray diffraction
Diffraction of x-rays by atoms can be used to determine a substance’s crystal structure
Adding waves in phase will cause what kind of interference
Constructive interference
Adding waves out of phase will cause what kind of interference
Destructive interference
When a color gets removed due to destructive interference what happens
The complementary color will show up
Formula for mirror and lens distances to an object or image
1/do + 1/di = 1/f
do > 0; always
Formula for maginification
m = -di/do = hi/ho
How does magnification value affect the image
m > upright
m < upside down
|m| > 1 appears larger
|m| < 1 appears smaller
Lens Strength
1/f (unit is Diopters; f must be in meters)
Mirror behavior
converging —> concave
Diverging —> convex
Lens behavior
Converging —> convex
Diverging —> concave
Formula for frequency using radius of curvature
f = 1/2R
di > 0
Real image and inverted
di < 0
Virtual and upright
m > 0
Upright
m < 0
Inverted
For converging mirrors how does the position of the image affect its status
Above the principal axis: inverted
Below the principal axis: upright
di < do
Image appears smaller than the actual object
di > do
Image appears bigger than the actual object
Spherical Aberration
The farther you are from the focal point the less sharp the image will look.
Rays won’t converge at a single point
In diverging mirrors the focal point will always be
Negative
