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BIO 1340 > Light and Air > Flashcards

Light and Air Flashcards

Lectures 21-23

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1
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum made of?

A

Photons of light.

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2
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

2.998 x 10^8 m/s

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3
Q

What does a larger wavelength equal?

A

Lower energy

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4
Q

What propertie(s) occur when light hits matter?

A 
It can reflect off
-Mirror
It can pass through
-Window 
-X-ray through soft tissue
It can be absorbed
-energy is transferred
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5
Q

What is visible light between (in nano-meters)?

A

400-700 nm

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6
Q

Just past visible light what has longer wavelengths but less energy?

A

Infrared light (heat)

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7
Q

Just before visible light what has shorter wavelengths but has more energy?

A

Ultra Violet Light

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8
Q

There was no life on land until 400 million years ago due to the damage done to ___ by __ light.

A

DNA, UV

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9
Q

What are the type(s) of UV light? What are the wavelengths related to the different type(s)?

A

UVA: 320- 400 nm
UVB: 280-320 nm
UVC: <280 nm

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10
Q

Which UV light is most damaging to human tissue and DNA, and has the greatest energy but shortest energy?

A

UVC light

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11
Q

Which UV light has the longest wavelength but shortest energy?

A

UVA

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12
Q

Which UV light is in the middle for length of wavelength and amount of energy?

A

UVB

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13
Q

UVC + O2 = 20- how far above the earth does this occur?

A

30-50 km.

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14
Q

True or false: UVC can reach the surface of the air.

A

False: No UVC reaches the surface of the air.

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation for ozone?

A

O + O2 = O3

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16
Q

Which UV light reaches the surface of the earth, and gives us a suntan and bleaches our carpets?

A

UVA light

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17
Q

O3 + UVB -> O + O2 does what to UVC and UVB light?

A

Blocks it to the surface of the Earth.

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18
Q

Where does the blocking of UVC and UVB light occur?

A

Stratosphere

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19
Q

If you removed all elements except ozone and smushed the atmosphere how thick would the atmosphere be? What would it be in Dobson Units?

A

3 mm thick, or 300 DU

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20
Q

When did drop in the ozone levels appear? How much did they drop by? How long did it take to come back?

A

The ozone layer dropped by 50% in September of 1984 and returned 6 weeks later.

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21
Q

In 1972 who showed interest in the atmosphere?

A

Sherwood Rowland

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22
Q

What is a Chlorofluorocarbons? Who invented it and when?

A

Chlorine and Florine combined with Carbon to make a inert gas. DuPont invented it in 1930 for fridges.

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23
Q

What was Rowland’s experiment on CHC’s? What was the result?

A

Shined UV light on the ozone (O3)
Shined UV light on a chamber full of CFC’s
-Resulted in the destruction of CFC’s
He shined UV light into a chamber full of ozone and CFC’s
-Resulted in the destruction of both

24
Q

What did Rowland’s experiment result in?

A

CFC’s being banned in 1970.

25
Q

What are the simple steps to the hole in our ozone layer?

A
  1. CFC’s travel to the upper atmosphere
  2. CFC’s are photolysised (split by sunlight) and produce HCl and ClONO2
  3. PSC’s follow a reaction
  4. There is a return of UV light
26
Q

True or False: HCL and CLONO2 do not damage the atmosphere.

A

True

27
Q

What is the PSC catalyse that occurs in step 3?

A

HCl + ClONO2 -> Cl2 + HNO3

28
Q

Where does all the built up Cl2 get contained?

A

Vortex walls

29
Q 
Step 1: ClO + UV -> Cl + O
Step 2: Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2
Step 3: O + O3 -> 2O2
Final reaction: 2O3 + UV -> 3O
What are these the steps for?
A

CL2 is photolyzed into ClO- what destroys the ozone

30
Q

How much ozone can ClO removes?

A

1000 + molecules

31
Q

What happens when the polar vortex in Antarctica dissipates?

A

Ozone moves in

32
Q

True or False: Each time the polar vortex in Antarctica dissipates and the ozone moves in, there’s a little less ozone. This means it will take a long period of time for CFC’s released by past generations to be gone.

A

True

33
Q

What is PSC and what does it form? What is it called?

A

Forms clouds for in the upper atmosphere made of nitric acid- called Polar stratospheric clouds

34
Q

The loss of ozone occurred in the Antarctic because Mid-winter airmass, surrounded by polar vortex is ___ C.

A

-90 Celsius

35
Q

In the 1980’s what did people in Montreal try to use instead of Chlorofluorocarbons? Why?

A

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons- HCFC

It was just as reactive as CFC but they thought it wouldn’t make it to the upper atmosphere.

36
Q

True or False: HCFC was just as harmful as CFC and also made it to the upper atmosphere, not like they had intended.

A

True

37
Q

In what year will the HCFC levels in our atmosphere be the same as they were before it was uses?

A

2070

38
Q

What are some event(s) that can occur when the sunlight hits the Earth?

A 
Reflected back to space
-This is why we can see Earth from space
Pass through the Earth
-Not very likely with our sun. Visible light doesn’t have enough energy.
Absorbed by the planet
39
Q

What is the black body effect?

A

The idea that when an object is warmer than its surroundings it will emit electromagnetic radiation into your surroundings (in the form of heat).

40
Q

In black body radiation _________ is dependent on the temperature of the object.

A

Wavelength

41
Q

What can can an object emit as it gets hotter and hotter?

A

Visible Light

42
Q

How hot is the sun? What kind of light does it emit?

A

The sun is 5800 kelvin and emits yellow light.

43
Q

What is the average temperature of the Earth?

A

15 Celsius

44
Q

What affects black body distribution?

A

Average temperature will fall along a distribution curve
Wavelengths will differ depending on the temperature
Earth’s atmosphere affects its distribution

45
Q

What happens to CO2 when it absorbs energy and becomes warmer?

A

It vibrates more rapidly and expands.

46
Q

True or false: O2 is invisible to wavelengths of light, and will not vibrate even if CO2 is present.

A

False: If there is enough CO2 nearby O2 will start to vibrate.

47
Q

What two elements are invisible to infra red (IR) radiation?

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen

48
Q

CO2, CH4 and N2O do what to the atmosphere?

A

Trap heat and increase the temperature.

49
Q

Even though the moon receives the same radiation that Earth does, why does it remain so cold?

A

Its lack of atmosphere.

50
Q

What is it called when humans are the reason for the large gas increase in our atmosphere?

A

Anthropogenic global warming

51
Q

What are the 3 key gases? Where do they come from?

A

CO2- burning of fossil fuels and forests
CH4- cows and rice patties
N2O- production of fertilizer

52
Q

Which key gas has increased by 40% since the industrial revolution?

A

Carbon dioxide

53
Q

Which key gas has increased 20% since the industrial revolution?

A

Nitrogen Monoxide

54
Q

Which key gas has increased 140% since the industrial revolution?

A

Methane

55
Q

What is the definition of “The Greenhouse Effect”?

A

The trapping in the atmosphere of infra red energy that is leaving the surface of the earth.

56
Q

What is the definition of “Climate Change”?

A

The change in long term weather patterns, include temperature, precipitation, wind, etc. due to an increase in the energy in the atmosphere.

57
Q

What is the definition of “Global Warming”?

A

The increase in the energy contained in the atmosphere due to increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases .

BIO 1340 (4 decks)

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