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MSK PHYSIOLOGYY > ligaments and tendons > Flashcards

ligaments and tendons Flashcards

1
Q

what are tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

provides a solid base on which muscles can pull

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2
Q

function of tendons

A

produce joint torque

stabilize joint during isometric contractions and in opposition to other torques

enable joint motion during isotonic contractions

act as a dynamic joint restraint

interact with ligaments and joint capsule to mitigate loads that they receive

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3
Q

what is a ligament

A

attach bone to bone

high elastin content

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4
Q

functions of ligaments

A

Augment mechanical stability of joints.

Guide joint motion
.
Prevent excessive motion

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5
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Small flat tendon

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6
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscle maintains the same tension as it shortens during contraction,

running , walking lifting

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7
Q

tendon and ligaments of knee

A

quadricep tendon
medial and lateral collateral ligament
patellar tendon
anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

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8
Q

tendons and ligament structure

A

dense connective tissue
cells
extracellular muscle
sparsely vascularised

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9
Q

purpose of the dense connective tissue

A

enables tissue to sustain high tensile stress

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10
Q

what do the knee ligament and peridontal ligament have in common

A

have a longitudinal section which has a crimped structure with fibroblasts aligned along the fibre axis

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11
Q

what does crimping allow for

A

increase in ligament length during tension

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12
Q

what is a fascicle

A

contains bundles of fibrils and is enclosed by a connective tissue sheath know as the endotenon.

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13
Q

what is a fibril

A

basic load bearing unit of tendon and ligament

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14
Q

what is a microfibril

A

5 rows of triple helixes in parallel

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15
Q

what does the lubricating fluid in myofibrils contain

A

proteoglycans

water/ tissue fluid

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16
Q

what is the major component of tendon and ligament

A

type 1 collagen 90-95

type 3,

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17
Q

collagen is synthesised how

type 1 ?

A

synthesised from fibroblast as procollagen

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18
Q

structure of type 1 collagen

A

3 individual polypeptide chain
left hand helix
3 alpha chains combine in a right handed triple helix

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19
Q

differences between ligaments and tendon

A

ligament- Connect bone to bone.
Lower collagen I (90% dry weight).
Higher elastin content.
Fibre organisation more random

tendon-Connect muscle to bone.
Higher collagen I (95-99% dry weight).
Very little elastin.
Fibres highly organised.

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20
Q

place of insertion of a tendon or ligament into bone

A

enthesis

21
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A

Produce movement of body parts
support soft tissues

Maintain posture and body position:

Communication:

Control of openings and passageways:

Maintain body temperature

22
Q

universal characteristics of muscles

A 
responsiveness
conductivity 
contractility 
extensibility 
elasticity
23
Q

are all muscle fibres equivalent in their energy consumption

A

slow fibers are metabolically economical

fast fibres are metabolically expensive

24
Q

difference between slow and fast twitch fibers

A

slow are half the diameter of fast fibers
take longer to contract after nerve stimulation

fast fibres take 10msc or less to contract

25
Q

what is muscle fatigue

A

progressive weakness of muscle contraction until there is no response

26
Q

when does muscle fatigue strike

A

ATP synthesis decreases due to shortage of glycogen (aerobic
conditions).

Lactic acid levels rise and lower the pH of sarcoplasm, which
prevents normal functioning of muscles (anaerobic conditions).

Failure from motorneurons (production of Ach due to reduced
availability of Ca2+.)

27
Q

Structure of type 1 collagen

A

Three polypeptide strands
2 alpha one
1 alpha 2
Coil together in a triple helix

28
Q

What allows type 1 collagen to coil so tight

A

Every three turns there is a glycine molecule

29
Q

How is collagen joint

A

Covalent cross links between triple helix
Intra / intermolecular cross links need copper
Between hydroxyproline it is hydrogen bonds , need iron

30
Q

How to test for collagen

A

Find conc of p1np

31
Q

How is collagen broken down

A

By enzymes called proteinases , collagenages

32
Q

What is a telopeptide

A

The ends of the tropocollagen helix

33
Q

Where is type 1 collagen usually found

A

Bone tendon , ligament skin

34
Q

Type 2 collagen is found where

A

Articular cartilage

Vitreous

35
Q

Importance of type 10 collagen

A

Growth plate

36
Q

functions of joints

A

Movement in three planes
Weight bearing
Transfer load evenly to msk system

37
Q

Tissue associated with joints

A

Bone
Muscle cartilage
Synovium
Synovial fluid

38
Q

Types of joints structurally

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

39
Q

Types of joints functionally

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

40
Q

Three types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures - only between bones and skull , allow for skull growth

Syndesmoses - bones are connected by a cord of fibrous tissue

Gomphoses- a peg in socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation

41
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses- bones are connected via hyaline cartilage

Symphyses- here the connecting cartilage is a pad or plate of fibrocartilage

42
Q

5 characteristics of synovial joints

A 
Articular cartilage 
Joint capsule 
Joint cavity 
Synovial fluid 
Reinforcing ligaments
43
Q

Characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A 
Almost frictionless surface 
Resists compressive loads 
High water content 
Low well content 
No blood supply
44
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal

A

Has no blood supply

45
Q

Composition of hyaline cartilage

A

Extracellular matrix is rich in type 2 collagen , proteoglycans

Aggrecan as the most abundant proteoglycan

46
Q

Types of synovial joints

A 
Ball and socket 
Condyloid
Hinge joint
Pivot 
Saddle 
Gliding
47
Q

What is shentons line

A

Formed by the medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of superior pubic ramus

48
Q

Describe the stress strain curve

A

Toe region - collagen fibres start to uncoil , and become linear
Linear region- fibres straighten and have 100% recoil
Plastic region - maximum deformation of fibres ,
Yield point - beyond this point , muscle injury may occur , micro tears

MSK PHYSIOLOGYY (3 decks)

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