ligaments and tendons

Question 1

what are tendons

Answer 1

connect muscle to bone

provides a solid base on which muscles can pull

Question 2

function of tendons

Answer 2

produce joint torque

stabilize joint during isometric contractions and in opposition to other torques

enable joint motion during isotonic contractions

act as a dynamic joint restraint

interact with ligaments and joint capsule to mitigate loads that they receive

Question 3

what is a ligament

Answer 3

attach bone to bone

high elastin content

Question 4

functions of ligaments

Answer 4

Augment mechanical stability of joints.

Guide joint motion
.
Prevent excessive motion

Question 5

Aponeurosis

Answer 5

Small flat tendon

Question 6

what is an isotonic contraction

Answer 6

muscle maintains the same tension as it shortens during contraction,

running , walking lifting

Question 7

tendon and ligaments of knee

Answer 7

quadricep tendon
medial and lateral collateral ligament
patellar tendon
anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

Question 8

tendons and ligament structure

Answer 8

dense connective tissue
cells
extracellular muscle
sparsely vascularised

Question 9

purpose of the dense connective tissue

Answer 9

enables tissue to sustain high tensile stress

Question 10

what do the knee ligament and peridontal ligament have in common

Answer 10

have a longitudinal section which has a crimped structure with fibroblasts aligned along the fibre axis

Question 11

what does crimping allow for

Answer 11

increase in ligament length during tension

Question 12

what is a fascicle

Answer 12

contains bundles of fibrils and is enclosed by a connective tissue sheath know as the endotenon.

Question 13

what is a fibril

Answer 13

basic load bearing unit of tendon and ligament

Question 14

what is a microfibril

Answer 14

5 rows of triple helixes in parallel

Question 15

what does the lubricating fluid in myofibrils contain

Answer 15

proteoglycans

water/ tissue fluid

Question 16

what is the major component of tendon and ligament

Answer 16

type 1 collagen 90-95

type 3,

Question 17

collagen is synthesised how

type 1 ?

Answer 17

synthesised from fibroblast as procollagen

Question 18

structure of type 1 collagen

Answer 18

3 individual polypeptide chain
left hand helix
3 alpha chains combine in a right handed triple helix

Question 19

differences between ligaments and tendon

Answer 19

ligament- Connect bone to bone.
Lower collagen I (90% dry weight).
Higher elastin content.
Fibre organisation more random

tendon-Connect muscle to bone.
Higher collagen I (95-99% dry weight).
Very little elastin.
Fibres highly organised.

Question 20

place of insertion of a tendon or ligament into bone

Answer 20

enthesis

Question 21

functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 21

Produce movement of body parts
support soft tissues

Maintain posture and body position:

Communication:

Control of openings and passageways:

Maintain body temperature

Question 22

universal characteristics of muscles

Answer 22

responsiveness
conductivity 
contractility 
extensibility 
elasticity

Question 23

are all muscle fibres equivalent in their energy consumption

Answer 23

slow fibers are metabolically economical

fast fibres are metabolically expensive

Question 24

difference between slow and fast twitch fibers

Answer 24

slow are half the diameter of fast fibers
take longer to contract after nerve stimulation

fast fibres take 10msc or less to contract

Question 25

what is muscle fatigue

Answer 25

progressive weakness of muscle contraction until there is no response

Question 26

when does muscle fatigue strike

Answer 26

ATP synthesis decreases due to shortage of glycogen (aerobic conditions). Lactic acid levels rise and lower the pH of sarcoplasm, which prevents normal functioning of muscles (anaerobic conditions). Failure from motorneurons (production of Ach due to reduced availability of Ca2+.)

Question 27

Structure of type 1 collagen

Answer 27

Three polypeptide strands 2 alpha one 1 alpha 2 Coil together in a triple helix

Question 28

What allows type 1 collagen to coil so tight

Answer 28

Every three turns there is a glycine molecule

Question 29

How is collagen joint

Answer 29

Covalent cross links between triple helix Intra / intermolecular cross links need copper Between hydroxyproline it is hydrogen bonds , need iron

Question 30

How to test for collagen

Answer 30

Find conc of p1np

Question 31

How is collagen broken down

Answer 31

By enzymes called proteinases , collagenages

Question 32

What is a telopeptide

Answer 32

The ends of the tropocollagen helix

Question 33

Where is type 1 collagen usually found

Answer 33

Bone tendon , ligament skin

Question 34

Type 2 collagen is found where

Answer 34

Articular cartilage | Vitreous

Question 35

Importance of type 10 collagen

Answer 35

Growth plate

Question 36

functions of joints

Answer 36

Movement in three planes Weight bearing Transfer load evenly to msk system

Question 37

Tissue associated with joints

Answer 37

Bone Muscle cartilage Synovium Synovial fluid

Question 38

Types of joints structurally

Answer 38

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Question 39

Types of joints functionally

Answer 39

Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses

Question 40

Three types of fibrous joints

Answer 40

Sutures - only between bones and skull , allow for skull growth Syndesmoses - bones are connected by a cord of fibrous tissue Gomphoses- a peg in socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation

Question 41

Types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 41

Synchondroses- bones are connected via hyaline cartilage | Symphyses- here the connecting cartilage is a pad or plate of fibrocartilage

Question 42

5 characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 42

``` Articular cartilage Joint capsule Joint cavity Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments ```

Question 43

Characteristics of hyaline cartilage

Answer 43

``` Almost frictionless surface Resists compressive loads High water content Low well content No blood supply ```

Question 44

Why is cartilage slow to heal

Answer 44

Has no blood supply

Question 45

Composition of hyaline cartilage

Answer 45

Extracellular matrix is rich in type 2 collagen , proteoglycans Aggrecan as the most abundant proteoglycan

Question 46

Types of synovial joints

Answer 46

``` Ball and socket Condyloid Hinge joint Pivot Saddle Gliding ```

Question 47

What is shentons line

Answer 47

Formed by the medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of superior pubic ramus

Question 48

Describe the stress strain curve

Answer 48

Toe region - collagen fibres start to uncoil , and become linear Linear region- fibres straighten and have 100% recoil Plastic region - maximum deformation of fibres , Yield point - beyond this point , muscle injury may occur , micro tears