Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SNAB edexcel A-level biology > Lifestyle, Health and Risk > Flashcards

Lifestyle, Health and Risk Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define mass transport

A

The bulk movement of gasses or liquids in one direction usually through a series of vessels or tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are transport systems useful for mammals?

A

Maintains deep concentration gradient for gas exchange

ensure effective cell activity by removing waste products and supplying reactants.

Bring substances quickly from one site to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do larger organisms need a transport system?

A
  • have very high energy requirements, so reactants need to be delivered very quickly.
  • diffusion distances are too large.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does the blood flow from to the lungs?

A

from the right side- Right atria, through the tricuspid valve into the Right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs. then go to the pulmonary vein to the heart back again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the blood flow from to the rest of the body?

A
  • from the left side.
    Left atria, through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle, through the semilunar valve, and then to the aorta and comes back to the vena cava.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A
  • 3 main layers: the endothelium (only one cell thick), the tunica media, and the tunica externa.
    narrow lumen
  • Tunica media: Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibers.
  • Tunica Externa: contains collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the structure of an artery vital to its function?

A
  • thick muscle layer: to withstand high blood pressure
  • collagen for adding support and protecting blood vessels from damage due to high pressure.
  • Narrow lumen to maintain blood pressure
  • endothelium is smooth to reduce any friction between blood and endothelium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Also 3 layers: Endothelium, Tunica Media and Tunica Externa

Tunica Media: Thinner muscle and fiber layer

Tunica Externa: Less collagen

Have valves and larger lumen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the structure of a vein related to its function?

A

Thinner muscles and fibers since blood pressure are lower

Valves to prevent backflow of blood

Has a larger lumen and rate of blood flow is slower, but the volume of blood carried per unit of time is the same. Also ensures blood reaches the heart in an adequate time and reduces friction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A
  • only consists of endothelial cell layer (one cell thick)
  • very narrow lumen
  • cells of the wall have pores which allows tissue fluid to form.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the structure of capillaries related to their function?

A

one cell thick: short diffusion distance so faster rate of diffusion and gas exchange.

  • Narrow lumen: red blood cells pass in single file, forces blood to travel slower to diffusion has more time to take place.
  • tissue fluid pores: allows every tissue to get supply of water, ions glucose etc. and white blood cells can squeeze through the pores to combat infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

a progressive disease occurs when atheroma plaques form in the arteries’ endothelium and increases blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the steps of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Damage to the endothelium
  2. An immune response where macrophages and other white blood cells accumulate in the area.
  3. Lipids and cholesterol clump together forming fatty streaks.
  4. A collection of platelets, macrophages and cholesterol accumulate under the endothelium
  5. Calcium salts and fibrous tissue build up, hardening the atheroma.
  6. Forms a plaque- which narrows the artery and can increase blood pressure- so
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the process of blood clotting known as?

A

Thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What enzyme is responsible for converting Fibrinogen to Fibrin?

A

Thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting.

A
  • thromboplastin is released
  • Calcium ions from the plasma, along with thromboplastin, trigger the conversion of soluble prothrombin protein into the enzyme thrombin.
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to fibrin
    Fibrin fibres tangle together, trapping platelets and red blood cells.
    A blood clot is formed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a study was carried out to find a correlation between heart disease and watching TV.

Suggest why people who had never had heart attacks or strokes were selected for the study

A

To standardise their risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Suggest 2 reasons why people were asked to provide researchers with a family history, medication and exercise.

A

to asses any additional risk factors that could’ve caused CHD.
To pick people with similar lifestyle habits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Scientists also measured blood pressure, HDL and LDL levels and waist to hip ratios.

Suggest why (2)

A

can be measured throughout the experiment to assess risk.

to compare HDL and LDL levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between validity, accuracy and reliability?

A

Validity: how accurate the answer to the originally intended was.

Accuracy: How close something is to the original value.

reliable: if repeated results are the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of HDL?

A

absorbs cholesterol and carries it to the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of LDL

A

Carries blood cholesterol to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can smoking cause CVDs?

A
  • raises BP
  • toxic chemicals in smoke cause risk of damage to the endothelium.
24
Q

how do HDLs decrease the risk.

A

Cholesterol/LDLs builds up around damaged endothelium of arteries and forms an atheroma​.

They help remove cholesterol/LDLs from plaques on the endothelial linings of arteries​

Plaques which narrow/block arteries are less likely to form ​

25
Q

how does excessive alcohol consumption increase the risk of CVD?

A

Alcohol is converted to ethanal in the liver, some of which get used to make very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), increasing the risk of plaque deposition.​

26
Q

Describe what happens during atrial systole

A
  • Atria contract
  • Semilunar valves closed, and atrioventricular valves open for blood to flow into a ventricle.
27
Q

Describe what happens during Ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricles contract.
  • Atrioventricular valves closed to prevent backflow of blood into atria
  • semilunar valves open for blood to flow into an artery
28
Q

Describe what happens during diastole.

A
  • relaxation of atria and ventricles.
  • Atrioventricular valves open, and semilunar valves closed.- this prevents backflow of blood from the closed artery.
29
Q

Why does atherosclerosis only occur in arteries?

A

Because blood is it a very high pressure, there is a higher chance of risk to the walls of an artery.

30
Q

What are the features of a good study?

A
  • clear aim
  • representative sample
  • Valid and reliable results.
31
Q

What are the main types of meds to treat CVDs?

A

Statins
Anticoagulants
ACE inhibitors
diuretics
calcium-channel blockers.

32
Q

What are the pros and cons of ACE inhibitors?

A

Pros:
Inhibit the production of angiotensin II, which is a hormone that helps in vasoconstriction, which helps reduce BP.

Cons:
side effects can include risk of kidney failure, dizziness, and abnormal heart beat.

33
Q

What are the pros and cons of statins?

A

Pros:
effective at controlling cholesterol levels, helping reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and side effects are rare.

Cons:
- side effects can still occur, and can include risk of liver failure and muscle pain.

34
Q

what are the pros and cons of anticoagulants?

A

Pros:
Reduce the risk of blood clotting for patients that are at high risk.

Cons:
dosage needs to be very carefully controlled or patient could bleed out due to small injuries.

35
Q

What makes water a good solvent?

A
  • dipolar molecule, and many biological substances are ionic, so they are attracted to dipole nature of water.
  • uneven distribution of charge.
36
Q

Why is water a good transport medium?

A

cohesion to itself allows it to flow- attracted to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

37
Q

What are the thermal properties of water?

A
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high boiling point. (high latent heat of vaporisation)
38
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides.

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

39
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose

40
Q

what 2 sugars makes up maltose

A

2 a-glucoses

41
Q

what 2 sugars make up lactose?

A

galactose and a-glucose

42
Q

what 2 sugars make up sucrose

A

fructose and a glucose

43
Q

name 3 main polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

44
Q

name 2 types of starch.

A

amylose
amylopectin

45
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A
  • compact a glucose helix- so good for compact storage of energy
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds between adjacent molecules
  • straight chain

does not diffuse, so very little osmotic effect within the cell.

46
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A
  • branched structure- allows faster hydrolysis by enzymes
  • 1,6 glycosidic bonds between chains
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds between adjacent glucose molecules
47
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

similar to amylopectin, but beta glucose polysaccharide.

48
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

A
  • Unsaturated lipids have carbon double bonds
    C=C
49
Q

How does smoking increase the risk of CVDs?

A
  • Nicotine can stimulate adrenaline production, which can constrict blood vessels and cause an increase in blood pressure.
  • Chemicals found in smoke can also cause damage to the arterial lining, increasing risk for atherosclerosis.
50
Q

How does exercise decrease the risk of CVDs?

A
  • decreases chance of obesity
  • also helps increase levels of HDL cholesterol without affecting LDL.
51
Q

Explain the properties of water as a molecule:
- why dipole?
- why high boiling point?
- why cohesion?
- why high shc?

A
  • uneven distribution of charge, so is a dipole
  • has H bonds within its molecule, so large amounts of energy required to overcome them.
  • can form H bonds with other water molecules between the +H and -O
  • a lot of energy needed to heat up 1g of water by 1 degree c, lots of energy needed to overcome H bonds.
52
Q

outline potential ethical issues of using invertebrates in research.

A
  • subjecting them to extreme temperatures, and depriving them of food is causing distress or harm to a living organism
53
Q

Why are invertebrates seen as more ethical in terms of experimentation compared to vertebrates?

A
  • they are considered more simple organisms than vertebrates, so they may go through less pain and suffering as they have a less sophisticated nervous system.
54
Q

Outline procedure for measuring the effect of heart rate on daphnia.

A
  • create dilutions of caffeine solutions of at least 5 diff concs
  • place cotton wool onto a slide to restrict movement and blot water around the daphnia.
  • place a few drops of the caffeine solution on top of the daphnia, making sure not to place a cover slide on top.
  • set a timer for 60 seconds and record the number of heart beats.
  • repeat at different concs of caffeine conc, and distilled water as a control
  • plot graph of heart rate against conc of caffeine
55
Q

Describe the practical procedure for

A

SNAB edexcel A-level biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions