Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SNAB edexcel A-level biology > Genes and Health > Flashcards

Genes and Health Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What bond exists between a phosphate and deoxyribose sugar in a nucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What bond exists between a deoxyribose and base in a nucleotide?

A

Glycoscillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What bonds exist between base pairs?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which water is used to separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define condensation

A

A bond which releases water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are DNA molecules antiparallel from each other?

A

Because the double helix shape cannot be formed unless it is antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A
  1. Helix is Unwound, by which the 2 strands separate. This is done by DNA helicase by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases and separating the polynucleotide strands.
  2. Then, free active nucleotides line up with their complementary base pairs, at this point, only being joined through hydrogen bonds, not phosphodiester bonds.
  3. DNA polymerase then moves down the DNA molecule, catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the deoxyribose and phosphate groups.
  4. this now forms semi-conservative, copies of the original DNA strand.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do activated nucleotides have 3 phosphate groups?

A

Because when DNA polymerase joins, it is a condensation reaction and the activated nucleotides lose their 2 phosphate groups, providing energy for the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the following:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide

A
  1. Any of the groups of sugars that can’t be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar, drawn with one hexagonal shape.
  2. 2 hexagonal sugars; 2 monosaccharides joined together
  3. More than 2 Monosaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you draw alpha glucose?

A

normal shape, with OH-H bond on C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you draw Beta Glucose?

A

same structure, but OH-H bond on both C1 and C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you draw Galactose?

A

Same structure, but OH-H bond on C1,C3 and C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you draw fructose?

A

Pentagon, CH2OH-H bond on C1 and C4, OH-H bond on C2 and normal H-OH bond on C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the product of 2 alpha glucose molecules being reacted together?

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is water formed from the reaction of 2 monosaccharides

A

A hydrogen group from one monosaccharide, and a hydroxyl group from the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

The chemical bond between the two molecules of alpha glucose- between C1 and C4 for example (a 1,4 glycosidic bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

By chemically combining glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Lactose formed?

A

By combining glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do we convert a disaccharide back into a monosaccharide?
What type of reaction is this?

A

Add water back to it, which is called a hydrolysis reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is glucose soluble in water?

A

Because it contains hydroxyl groups, which are polar due to the neg charge on the oxygen atom, and a + charge on the hydrogen atom - can form H bonds with water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 2 molecules does Starch consist of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the structure of amylose

A
  • it is a polymer of alpha glucose molecules
  • it is twisted into a compact helix, with hydrogen bonds forming between glucose molecules along the chain.
  • unbranched
  • joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is glucose obtained from starch if a cell needs it?

A

Hydrolysis reaction (adding water) to break the glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the structure of amylopectin

A
  • it is a polymer of alpha glucose molecules joined by 1.4 glycosidic bonds, just like amylose.
  • but every 25-30 glucose molecules, it has a branch, and is still a chain of alpha glucose molecules joined by the same 1,4 glycosidic bond. But this time, it’s between C1 on one glucose molecule and C6 on another. - which is a 1,6 glycosidic bond.
  • heavily branched polysaccharide.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the structure of starch is related to it’s function?

A
  1. Amylose forms a tight helix, which makes it compact- meaning that it can store a large number of glucose molecules for its size.
  2. Starch is insoluble in water, so it doesn’t allow any water in through osmosis.
  3. Amylopectin is largely branched, meaning that it has several ends. This allows enzymes to rapidly break down starch into glucose through hydrolysis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the structure of the polysaccharide glycogen

A
  • It is a polymer of alpha glucose molecules joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
  • has branches, but more branches than amylopectin, which makes it more compact than it.
  • each branch is joined to another chain of alpha glucose molecules, through a 1,6 glycosidic bond.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is the structure of Glycogen important to carry out it’s function?

A
  • very branched, which means it has a lot of ends, making it easier for enzymes to break down the molecules through hydrolysis. This is important because animals often have a high rate of respiration and their energy needs may change rapidly as well.
  • insoluble in water, so it can’t allow water in through osmosis
  • too large to diffuse out from the cell membrane, which makes it ideal for storage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A
  • a polymer of beta glucose, where every second bet glucose molecule flips over, where a 1,4 glycosidic bond can be formed.
  • unbranched polysaccharide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe how the structure of cellulose allows it to perform it’s function.

A
  • since it is unbranched, this allows chains to get closer together where hydrogen bonds can be formed between chains. This allows cellulose to be extremely strong. (microfibrils, which then create macrofibres together.)
  • Permeable to molecules
  • strength makes plant cell turgid, so cell doesn’t burst.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define conservative replication

A

When free nucleotides join the unwinded DNA but form a strand completely from new free nucleotides, and one chain only from the original DNA strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define Semi-conservative replication

A

When polynucleotide strands form from half of the old DNA, and half from the free nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How was semi-conservative replication proved?

A
  • bacteria were grown in an N14 medium and were then transferred to a heavier isotope- N-15.
  • Bacteria was then removed at each generational interval.
  • DNA was extracted and centrifuged (shaken)
  • What they found was that the 1st generation gave a mixed DNA strand- one heavy (N15) and one light (N14).
  • a second generation would give one light, and one mixed DNA molecule if it was still kept in the light solution.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Briefly describe the structure of ATP

A

It is a nucleotide composed of ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups.
Bonds are unstable, which gives them a low activation energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens when ATP is broken into ADP?

A

energy is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of reaction is breaking ATP to ADP?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ATP to ADP?

A

ATP hydrolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the equation for breaking down ATP to ADP to release energy?

A

ATP + water —-> ADP + P + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens when a phosphate is bonded to ADP?

A

forms ATP, taking energy in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of reaction is ADP to ATP?

A

Condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What enzyme carries out the ADP - ATP reaction?

A

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the equation for converting ADP to ATP?

A

ADP + P + energy —-> ATP + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where in the cell is ADP converted to ATP?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are 4 roles of ATP?

A
  • instability= good energy donor
  • not long-term energy store, an immediate source of energy
  • cells don’t need large amounts of them, and is beneficial because ATP is very quickly formed from ADP+P
  • Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases instant energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why is ATP better for than glucose for releasing energy>

A
  • Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is an instant energy source but the breakdown of glucose requires many reactions before being released.
  • ATP also releases more manageable amounts of energy compared to glucose which may be too much.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

For what processes can ATP be required?

A

Active transport
Metabolic processes, such as making proteins
secretion from lysosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define conservative replication

A

The DNA replication where free nucleotides join onto the older strand of DNA, and then break off to make a chain of their own, ending up with a fully new strand of DNA and the older one staying the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define semi-conservative replication.

A

when free nucleotides join the older polynucleotide strand and form 2 chains- each with 1/2 of the DNA from the old, and 1/2 from the new.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose —-> maltose +water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what 2 functional groups do amino acids have?

A

amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What reaction takes place to FORM a polymer

A

Condensation

53
Q

What type of reaction takes place when polymers are BROKEN DOWN?

A

hydrolysis

54
Q

what happens in the primary stage of proteins?

A

Amino acids form a polypeptide chain, joined by peptide bonds. The order or amino acids is crucial as it will affect what protein it becomes in it’s later stages.

55
Q

What happens in the secondary structure of proteins?

A

the polypeptide chain then folds up into an alpha helix or a beta-sheet, caused by hydrogen bonds between the backbones.

56
Q

What is the structure of a protein in its tertiary stage?

A

the protein now folds up in a certain way. This is mainly due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction, the overall 3d shape of a protein.

57
Q

Why is the shape of a tertiary protein important

A

because its shape helps it to carry out its function. For example, antibodies need to have a very specific shape to bind to antigens. Or enzymes- their active site needs to be very specific.

58
Q

What is the shape of a quaternary protein?

A

when several polypeptide chains join together to make a protein complete - polypeptides called subunits.

59
Q

What types of bonds exist between tertiary and quaternary structures?

A

Disulfide, ionic, hydrogen

60
Q

What bond exists between a glycerol and fatty acid molecule?

A

Ester bond

61
Q

-Describe the structure of a triglyceride

A

It consists of a glycerol molecule bonded via an ester bond to 3 fatty acid molecules through a condensation reaction.

62
Q

What does it mean when a lipid is saturated?
Unsaturated?

A

saturated: no double bonds
Unsaturated: double C=C bonds

63
Q

Describe the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane.

A
  • adds stability to the cell
  • makes the membrane more stable and less likely to get damaged
64
Q

How is cholesterol bonded to cell surface membranes?

A
  • the OH group is polar and hydrophilic, which can attract the polar head groups of the phospholipid.
  • but the rest of the cholesterol molecule is hydrophobic, which attracts the rest of the non-polar lipid. (the tail)
  • this attraction is what bonds it.
65
Q

Define Cohesion

A

The tendency of water molecules to be attracted to each other.

66
Q

Define adhesion

A

the tendency of water molecules to stick to other things.

67
Q

Describe the properties that make water a good solvent

A
  • polar: opposite ends, so the H side is slightly positive with the O side slightly negative.
  • allows reactions to take place in the cell cytoplasms
  • metabolites that are hydrophilic and polar are transported efficiently.
68
Q

true or false, water has a low relative specific heat capacity.

A

false, it has a relatively high specific heat capacity.

69
Q

explain why water has a high specific heat capacity.

A

this is because of the hydrogen bonds that are present in water, which require a lot of energy to break and make.

70
Q

Why is water’s specific heat capacity good for animals?

A
  • for cold-blooded animals, it is helpful as they cannot regulate their body temp. Therefore, since Water has very few temp fluctuations, it helps keep a stable and suitable external and internal temp needed for enzyme activity.
71
Q

Why is water a good solvent for blood plasma?

A

Because it maintains a constant temp, it helps regulate the temperature of animals. - heat is distributed around the body, and as it goes to the warmer regions, energy is absorbed but the temp stays constant.

72
Q

Define the latent heat of vaporisation

A

the energy required to turn a liquid into a gas.

73
Q

why is water having a high latent heat of vaporization an advantage for organisms?

A

very little water is required to evaporate for an organism to loose heat. Therefore, this provides a cooling effect for organisms

74
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

due to the presence of many hydrogen bonds.

75
Q

why can water move through the xylem?

A

this is due to the strong cohesion of water molecules.

76
Q

Why can some animals walk on water?

A

surface tension due to air meeting with water, there are no water molecules on top, focusing the net attraction downwards- creating a sort of film.

77
Q

define polar and how it manifests itself in a water molecule.

A
  • an uneven distribution of charge in a molecule
  • O has an O- charge, and H has an H+ charge
  • causes asymmetrical molecular shape.
78
Q

What are some characteristics of enzymes?

A
  • proteins
  • can be reused
  • very specific to the substrate
  • denature under certain conditions
  • FORM AN ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
79
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of salivary amylase

A

Made: salivary glands
SOA: Mouth
Nutrient digested: starch

80
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Pepsin

A

Made: stomach
SOA: stomach
Nutrient digested: Protein

81
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Lipase

A

Made: pancreas
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: lipids

82
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Amylase

A

Made: pancreas
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: starch

83
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Trypsin

A

Made: Pancreas
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: peptides

84
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Lactase

A

Made: the lining of the SI
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: Lactose

85
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Maltase

A

Made: the lining of the SI
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: Maltose

86
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Sucrase

A

Made: Lining of the SI
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: Sucrose

87
Q

state where it’s made, site of action, and nutrient digested of Peptidase

A

Made: Lining of the SI
SOA: small intestine
Nutrient digested: dipeptides

88
Q

describe how enzymes work

A
  • biological catalysts, lower the activation energy for a reaction.
  • The induced fit model- suggests that an enzyme slightly changes shape to perfectly complement the shape of the substrate
  • forms an enzyme-substrate complex
  • products released, enzyme goes back to original shape
  • ready to be used again.
89
Q

what are the different factors affecting enzyme activity?

A
  • temp
  • pH
  • enzyme concentration
  • substrate concentration
90
Q

Describe how temp affects enzyme activity

A
  • temp increase, so does ROR
  • this is because particles move faster, and therefore collide more often, forming more enzyme-substrate complexes.
  • but if the temp gets too high, enzymes will denature.
91
Q

Describe how pH affects enzyme activity

A
  • every enzyme has its optimum pH, so the further you are from that, the lower the ROR
  • this is due to H+ and OH- ions interacting with ionic bonds in the proteins- which can alter their shape and denature them
  • so forms fewer enzyme-substrate complexes.
92
Q

Describe how enzyme concentration affects enzyme activity.

A
  • ROR will increase as enzyme conc increases, but only up to a certain point due to more enzyme-substrate complexes.
  • this is because there will not be enough substrate available for enzymes
  • so substrate conc becomes a limiting factor
93
Q

Describe how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity

A
  • ROR will increase as substrate concentration increases due to more enzyme-substrate complexes. But only up to a certain point.
  • this is because enzymes will be saturated now, making the enzyme concentration a limiting factor now. Because of there now being too many substrates that don’t have an enzyme :(
94
Q

Describe competitive inhibition

A
  • involves substrates with similar shapes to compete for a single active site on an enzyme
  • adding more of a certain substrate may help outcompete
95
Q

Describe competitive inhibition

A
  • involves substrates with similar shapes to compete for a single active site on an enzyme
  • adding more of a certain substrate may help outcompete the other substrate.
96
Q

Describe non-competitive inhibition

A
  • happens when a substrate binds to another site on the enzyme
  • this alters the shape of the original active site
  • meaning the substrate that was originally intended to bind to it can’t anymore because it’s no longer complimentary
  • Adding more of a certain substrate can’t fix this.
97
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

a progressive disease occurs when atheroma plaques form in the arteries’ endothelium and increases blood pressure.

98
Q

what are the steps of atherosclerosis

A
  1. Damage to the endothelium
  2. An immune response where macrophages and other white blood cells accumulate in the area.
  3. Lipids and cholesterol clump together forming fatty streaks.
  4. Platelets may also add to the fatty deposit
  5. A collection of platelets, macrophages and cholesterol accumulate under the endothelium
  6. Forms a plaque called an atheroma, which can calcify and harden over time.
99
Q

describe the role of the cell membrane

A

• forms a boundary between the outside and the cell
• isolates enzymes that might damage the cell.
• controls the exchange of substance in and out of the cell.

100
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule.

A

• has 2 fatty acids joined to a glycerol
• A negatively charged phosphate group replaces the 3rd fatty acid.
• there is a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail.

101
Q

True or false: the phosphate end has no charge.

A

False. It i polar, with one end being slightly positive, and one being slightly negative. - it is also attracted to other polar molecules

102
Q

Describe what happens when several phospholipid molecules are placed in water to make a the wall of a cell membrane.

A

• the molecules arrange themselves in a way that hydrophilic tails gather on the outside, and tails stay on the inside.
• this creates a phospholipid bilayer, where there is a hydrophobic channel in between the 2 layers.
- Hydrophobic tails do not associate with water, whereas hydrophilic heads do.

103
Q

Name 3 functions of phospholipids in the cell membrane

A

• allow lipid-soluble substances to pass through the membrane
• Prevent water-soluble substances from passing through
• make the membrane flexible.

104
Q

Name 4 other substances that the cell membrane also contains

A

• proteins
• cholesterol
• glycolipids
glycoproteins

105
Q

What are the 2 types of protein found in the cell membrane surface?

A

extrinsic
intrinsic

106
Q

What is the function of intrinsic proteins

A

act as protein channels and carrier proteins

107
Q

What is the function of extrinsic proteins?

A

Act as receptors for hormones
providing mechanical support.

108
Q

Name 3 functions of cholesterol

A

• adds strength
• Pulls together the fatty acid tails, adding rigidity
• prevents the leakage of water and ions

109
Q

What are glycolipids and what are their functions?

A

• a carb covalently bonded with a lipid
• carb extends out of the biolayer acting as a receptor for certain chemicals
• helps with stability
• helps cells attach together and form tissues.

110
Q

what are glycoproteins? What are their functions?

A

Carb chains attached to extrinsic proteins on the outer surface
• allows cells to recognize each other
• acts as receptors for hormones.

111
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration through a protein channel or carrier protein.

112
Q

What is a protein channel?

A

channels that form a hydrophilic channel across the membrane to allow water-soluble ions to pass through.
channels are also specific to a certain ion.

113
Q

What are carrier proteins

A

• proteins that are specific to the molecule that needs to be transported inside a cell
• when bonded, the carrier protein changes shape so the molecule is released to the inside.

114
Q

define active transport

A

the net movement of particles against the concentration gradient across a membrane with the use of ATP and carrier molecules

115
Q

Describe how active transport can take place via carrier proteins

A

• molecule attaches to the receptor site on the carrier protein
• Molecule of ATP binds to the carrier protein
• ATP undergoes hydrolysis to produce ADP and P
• P attaches to the carrier protein, causing it to change shape.
• the molecule is then released inside the cell.
• phosphate is then released, going through a condensation reaction to make ATP again.

116
Q

Define co-transport

A

The indirect active transport of molecules through cotransporter proteins.

117
Q

Why is the cell membrane structure called the fluid mosaic model?

A

fluid, because the cell membrane can move and phospholipid molecules are in constant motion.
Mosaic: because other components of the cell membrane are different shapes and sizes that fit together.

118
Q

DefineOsmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential through a partially permeable membrane.

In other words, from a low solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

119
Q

What is water potential?

A

A measure of the pressure of the colliding between water molecules. Measure in kPa

120
Q

True or false: Pure water has the lowest water potential

A

false, it has the highest at 0kPa because it has the highest concentration of water molecules possible.

121
Q

What is the effect of osmosis INTO an animal cell?

A

• hydrostatic pressure will increase
• so cell might burst.

122
Q

What is the effect of osmosis out of an animal cell?

A

the cell will shrink as the water moves out faster than it moves in.

123
Q

What is the effect of Osmosis into a plant cell?

A

• cell swells
• becomes turgid
• Turgor pressure increases

124
Q

What is the effect of osmosis OUT of a plant cell?

A

• plasmolysis occurs
• protoplast pulls away from the cell wall
• space between the cell membrane and cell wall is now filled with the solution that surrounded the plant cell.

125
Q

What are protein channels for water called?

A

aquaporins

126
Q

Compare and contrast the processes of DNA replication and Transcription

A
  • condensation réactions take place in both
  • involve DNA helicase to unzip DNA

Diffs:
Transcription uses RNA polymerase instead of DNA polymerase in DNA replication

Transcription uses RNA bases but replication uses DNA Bases

127
Q

Explain how the change in one amino acid sequence could lead to a change in the structure properties of the hemoglobin protein

A
  • wrong primary structure
  • so could cause tertiary structure to change
  • disulfide bridges may therefore be wrong
  • so hemoglobin might not be able to bind to oxygen
128
Q

Explain how the structure of lepton allows it to be soluble in water

A
  • primary structure determines folding
  • forms a globular structure
  • hydrophobic R groups on the inside hydrophilic ones on the outside
  • and H2O will form H bonds with hydrophilic R groups

SNAB edexcel A-level biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions