Lifestyle factors and cardiovascular disease Flashcards
What are the 3 leading causes of death in the UK and what percentage do they represent?
24% cardiovascular diseases
21% cancer (excluding lung cancer)
20% respiratory diseases
The onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases is strongly influenced by what?
Lifestyle (behaviour)
What percentage of cardiovascular disease would be prevented if there was elimination of modifiable risk factors - including unhealthy lifestyles?
80%
Via what 3 pathways does behaviour (including lifestyle) affect cardiovascular disease?
1] health-related behaviours such as diet, smoking, exercise
2] causing acute or chronic physiological changes that lead to CHD
3] access to, and use of medical care
Name 3 physical (immutable) risk factors for CVD
age
sex
family history other demographics
(genes)
Name 4 pyschosocial (modifiable) risk factors for CVD
health behaviours
stress
depression
social support
What are the clinical features of metabolic syndrome?
overweight and abdominal fat distribution, hypertension, insulin
resistance, hyperglycemia
EPIC-Norfolk study:
compared to those eating 5+ a day, other people were …
______ x more likely to die early from CVD
______ x more likely to have stroke
- 7
- 4
In the US Nurses Health Study:
compared to people in lowest 20% for total fat intake …
top 20% total fat = ______ x more likely to develop CVD
top 20% saturated fat = ______ x more likely to develop CVD
- 3
- 5
Can primary or secondary preventions -
improve diet
and = lower death rates (CVD and total)
= lower risk of further cardiac events
Secondary preventions
EPIC-Norfolk study:
compared to non-smokers, smokers were
_________ x more likely to die early from CVD
__________ x more likely to have stroke
- 9
- 7
Secondary prevention:
compared to CHD patients who keep smoking, quitters had
________ lower risk of premature death
__________ lower risk of another MI
36%
32%
EPIC-Norfolk study:
compared to active people, those below activity threshold were
_________ x more likely to die early from CVD
__________ x more likely to have stroke
- 3
- 3
Meta-anyalytic evidence shows that preventions can…
increase exercise
= reduce all-cause mortality
= reduce cardiovascular mortality
= reduce non-fatal cardiac events
lower social classes have greater CVD risk (Lynch et al., 1996)
compared with top 20% income, lowest 20% income have
________ x greater risk of CVD death
_________ x greater risk of acute MI
- 7
- 3
after adjustment for behavioural risk factors (smoking, diet, exercise) lowest 20% income have
no greater risk of CVD death
________ x greater risk of acute MI
2.8
Why do people risk their health?
biased risk perception
health optimism
general risk vs personal risk
general public people acknowledge influence of various CVD risk factors
- but underestimate impact of what?
Diet and excersise
“what do you think contributed to you having a heart attack?”
What are men more likely to cite?
- poor diet
- hard work
“what do you think contributed to you having a heart attack?”
What are women more likely to cite?
chance or bad luck
What are factors which decrease time to get to hospital with an MI?
= being male
= being married
= believing that MI has more serious consequences
= active coping style
= using problem-focused coping
= more non-pain symptoms (breathlessness, dizziness, etc.)
What are the 4 types of response to stress and are they acute or chronic?
physical fight / flight response acute
behavioural poor diet, smoking, alcohol, drugs chronic
emotional anxiety, anger, depression chronic
cognitive poor concentration acute/chronic
What are the 2 types of coping responses?
approach - problem-solving
avoidance - distraction - psychological or behavioural
Name an epidemiological study that shows acute stress is associated with MI and cardiac death
MI and cardiac death after disasters
examples ? 9/11 terrorist attacks
football world cup
