Behaviour modification

Question 1

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

Answer 1

biopsychosocial approach

= how psychological and social factors are involved in disease processes

“psychological” consists of behavioural factors
cognitive factors

Question 2

Complete the IMB model

Answer 2

Question 3

Complete the TTM transtheoretical / stages of change model

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the components of health promotion?

Answer 4

information / knowledge

beliefs

motivation + persistence (to overcome setbacks)

skills

plans

opportunities

habits (healthy and unhealthy)

feedback and rewards

support

environmental context

Question 5

What are smacks?

Answer 5

“smacks” eliminate choice

= legislation - e.g., smoking bans, drinking age limits

Question 6

What are shoves?

Answer 6

“shoves” restrict choice

• e.g., fat tax, sugar tax, minimum unit pricing
• e.g., banning take-aways near schools

central government legislation can improve health and health outcomes (Frazer t al., 2016; Naninga et al., 2018)

Question 7

What are nudges?

Answer 7

“nudges” guide and enable healthier choices

• e.g., change “choice architecture” to make healthy options more visible, easier, cheaper, or the default options (LGA, 2013; Vlaev et al., 2016)

= effective way to change diet (Arno & Thomas, 2016)

local government action is important to promote and

facilitate healthier lifestyles

Question 8

How can relapse be decreased?

Answer 8

• evidence is strongest for interventions focused on identifying and managing tempting situations and strategies (Hajek et al., 2009)
• combining behaviour therapy and nicotine replacement may be most effective (Livingstone-Banks et al., 2019)

Question 9

What does poorer psychological wellbeing predict in CVD patients?

Answer 9

• poorer adherence to medication or behaviour change
• poorer prognosis

Question 10

What factors make pyschological distress in CVD patients more likely?

Answer 10

• perceive more serious consequence of CVD
• have less coherent understanding of their condition
• have stronger initial emotional response to MI or stroke (Pai et al., 2019)

Question 11

Which pyschological aspect is an important part of CVD prevention?

Answer 11

cultivating resilience and adaptive responses to stressful situations has been identified as an important part of secondary prevention of CVD

Question 12

What reduced the likelihood of premature death by 1/3 over a 7-year follow-up?

Answer 12

Psychosocial interventions can alleviate distress in CVD patients

Question 13

What are the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation?

Answer 13

cardiac rehabilitation is effective and cost-effective
reduction in overall mortality
reduction in cardiac mortality

Question 14

patients are less likely to attend rehabilitation if…

Answer 14

• less chest pain or other symptoms
• less understanding of their condition
• less belief that their condition is controllable
• lower income
• living alone
• perceive health professionals to downplay importance of exercise
• believe medication is more important for promoting health

Question 15

What does a person need to believe to be ready to change?

Answer 15

• their current behaviour is ‘bad’ for them
• they will be better off if they change
• they have a good chance of succeeding if they try to change

Question 16

What are SMART goals?

Answer 16

goals should be

Specific

Measurable

Achieveable

Relevant (Realistic)

Time-limited

Question 17

What is motivational inteviewing?

Answer 17

MI is a 1:1 approach that helps to people

• overcome ambivalence about behaviour change
• enhance commitment to change
• enhance motivation to change
• address barriers to change